Unemployment

Donuts starting business in Argentina Till Penitence International Business Bachelor's Thesis Supervisor: Joan Aloofer School of Business Bachelor's Degree Program in International Business Nickel Campus Introduction Dunking' Donuts is an American global coffee chain based in Massachusetts, U. S. It's also known for its doughnuts. Dunking' Donuts has positioned itself as a high quality but still affordable fast-food outlet with full-day dining opportunities. Dunking' Donuts was founded by William Rosenberg in 1948, but its name was first Open Kettle.After one year name was changed to Kettle Donuts and in 1950 many adapted Dunking' Donuts as its name. Nowadays Dunking' Donuts is one of the leading coffee chain brands with over 11,000 restaurants all over the world. Dunking' Donuts was long time known mainly in America but in recent decades it has been opening cafe ©s all around the world, operating now in 33 different countries – it serves daily over 3 million customers. Dunk ing' Donuts have a great variety of different products, for instance 52 different donuts and over dozen different beverages. Dunking' Donuts.Dunking' Donuts got new owners in 2006 and those new owners outlined an extremely ambitious growth strategy, for example, they're trying to triple the size of Dunking' Donuts in next ten years. (M and S, 2009; http:// news. Dunderheads. Com, 2014) Argentina is one of the largest South American countries with population over 40 million. Its population is still growing, but fairly slowly because of the steadily declining birth rate. Argentina's border countries are Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Argentina has been a big country of immigration during its history – it has been attracting especially people from Italy and Spain. Wry. Counterparts. Org n. D. ) During its history Argentina has faced a lot of economical issues – Argentina was once one of the wealthiest countries in the world, but it has been facing several e conomical downsides. Though the country has since been recovering pretty well, the pace of growth is disappointing – Argentina is now lagging behind most other emerging economies. (http://economic. Blobs. Anytime. Com/ 2009; http:// atmosphere. Com/, n. D. ) In this paper I'll be discussing about Dunking' Donuts' motivations for entering Argentina.I'll be using the PESTLE framework, which includes political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental aspects f the business context. Political one in 1976. Elections in 1989 meant that first time in 60 years, there was a civil president in the country. Nowadays there isn't a threat of military coups, but the democracy hasn't reach a stabile phase. (The Economist, 2014) (The Global Economy. Com, 2012) Christina Fernando De Kerchief has been a president in Argentina for nearly seven years. She represents the Statistics Party, which is one of the largest political parties in Argentina.Although there are two major pa rties in the congress of Argentina, there are all in all over 31 different political blocs. That makes having consensus extremely difficult. (www. Subcategories. Org/, n. D. ) Because of the big economical crisis in the beginning of 21st century, there was a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina. Reason for the uprising was president Fernando De la RÃ'Ëœa who failed to save Argentina from third year of recession – middle class started to upraise against him and his politics. There was a major social unrest growing because of the growing unemployment rates.The crisis peaked on November 29, 2001 , when Argentines outdraw millions of dollars and pesos from their bank accounts. Argentina actually had five presidents in Just two weeks in 2001. Www. En. Wisped. Org, n. D. ) Corruption is a major problem in politics too. All from the president to lower power players have been included in corruption crises, which is the reason why Argentina is ranked at 10th in Corruption I ndex behind countries like Mexico and Greece. (http://polycrystalline. Org, 2012) Political situation in Argentina isn't stabile or even near it.Corruption is a major problem and as Argentina is lacking of political consensus, starting business might be something to think once again. ECONOMIC 100 years ago Argentina actually had the fifth- largest economy in the world. But after overall bad policies and governments Argentina is far away from the largest economies nowadays. During the last few decades Argentinean have been facing many economical swings, all the way from financial crisis and hyperinflation to recession and boom periods. Last major downside was in the 2001-2002, when everything from unemployment rates to criminal peaked. (Wry. Domesticate. Mom, Only way to survive even somehow from the crisis in 2001 was to default and devalue. It has been said that it might have been the most responsible thing ever in Argentina's history. It did limit Argentina's growth because defaul ting cut it from the Actually Argentina has been recovering pretty well the past 13 years from one of its history hardest economical crises. Its GAP growth has been pretty high – especially before the international financial crises. (Wry. Marketing. Com, 2012) Even though Argentina has been recovering fairly well, its future doesn't seem to be as bright as it could be.High unemployment and inflation rates are likely to complicate future growth. And this summer 2014, Argentina defaulted once again. The situation isn't that bad as 2002 as there are still ongoing discussions with banks about shoring up the situation. Http://Americanizes. Saturdays. Com, 2014) Political and economical situation are walking hand in hand as we speak about Argentina. Both are pretty instable, with their ups and downs. At the moment entering to Argentina's markets might not be the best choice. Situation might be better after a few years as the international financial crisis is, or at least hopefully is getting better.SOCIAL Argentina is one of the most urbanize South American countries with several metropolitan areas. Greater Buenos Aries metropolitan area is one of the largest urban areas in the world – there are over 13 million people. Argentina's arbitration percent is over 90% and it has been growing by 1% each year, so it's actually the most urbanize country in Southern America. (HTTPS://www. CIA. Gob, 2014) As the birth rate has been declining, Argentina's growth of population hasn't been so rapid in recent years. Also because of that same reason, amount of inhabitants under 15 years has been shrinking.But fortunately population in ages 15-24 is nowadays largest in Argentina's history. Thanks to that, the working-age population is at the moment very high and will also stay like that pretty long. The amount of working-age population makes it possible for Argentina to have some kind of economic boost in future. (HTTPS://www. CIA. Gob, 2014) Total population by age gr oup and sex, 2010 and 2050 (http://superintendence. Org, 2014) Argentina's education system is mandatory from age 5 to 17, which is one reason why the total adult literacy rate is 97,9%.Nominally university studies are tuition – free and open for everyone, but hidden costs of education are often high, which causes that students need to have a full- time Job while they're studying. (http:// en. Wisped. Org, n. D. ) Argentina actually has one of the highest university drop- out eats. This might cause problems someday, because Argentina will lose motivated and energetic people Just because they can't finish their degrees in universities. (http://en. Wisped. Org, n. D. ) Food culture is very big in Argentina.Thanks to the immigrants from Europe, European food is popular in Argentina – especially Spanish and Italian cuisine. Argentinean consumes the second biggest amounts of beef in the world as it's considered to be the national food in Argentina. Also drink a drink called mate, which is a caffeine- infused drink, is very popular in Argentina. All in all the cafe © culture is gig in Argentina, people are meeting at cafe ©s for a cup of mate or an espresso. Cafe ©s are the heart and soul of urban culture in Argentina – those are places where people meet each other to discuss, watch soccer and socialize. (http://www. Vermiculite. Mom, n. D) Argentina used to have a very large middle class, but because of the recent downsides in the economics, a big part of the former middle- class people is now heading into poverty. Poverty in Argentina varies mostly according to region and provinces. Situations in the northern Argentina have been the worst. Nowadays the poverty rate is about 20% in average. Unemployment rate in Argentina has been extremely high – something near 20% – when the economical situation was in it's worst in the beginning of 21st century. In those times especially low-class people and indigenous people were sufferin g of unemployment.Nowadays unemployment rate stands between 7 – 8%. (http://www. Tragicomedies. Com, 2014; http:// en. Merciless. Com, 2014) All in all from a social aspect entering Argentina wouldn't be that bad decision. As the cafe © culture is strong, a coffee chain brand like Dunking' Donuts would probably be successful in Argentina. Cheap prices and cafe © culture would make it possible. Of course it would be important for Dunking' Donuts to think carefully to which regions to enter as economic situation in Northern parts has been challenging. Technological Argentina has a long history and tradition of technology and science.Also the public support for research and development (R&D) has been intensifying in the last decades. Argentina got loan for $24 in 2013 to fund scholarships for master's degrees and doctoral studies, and another loan for $200 to increase investments in innovation, research and development to improve competitiveness. There is actually a science and technology complex in Buenos Aries. Http://www. Dab. Org, 2011) development and expand its knowledge in science and technological development. Argentina is considered to have a great knowledge in biotechnology and that's actually one of the fields that Argentina is having cooperation with U.S. (http:// Argentina. Assembles. Gob, n. D) In the recent years there has been growth in the IT sector in Argentina, mainly thanks to U. S based companies that has been exploring the talent available in other countries such as Argentina, India and Israel. U. S companies have been extremely interested in Argentina's large number of well-trained engineers and advantages in outsourcing to Argentina. Technological and science situation in Argentina is highly positive. It is also expected to have a boost in near future because of the increasing amount of investments.Dunking' Donuts shouldn't have a problem with technological aspect in Argentina – highly educated people, investments and sta te support are positive things. (Wry. Marketing. Com, 2011) LEGAL Argentinean public confidence in Judiciary is fairly low because of the high level of corruption. The population in Argentina is pretty skeptical about the power of the judicial system to control crime, and they're seeing the police to be a part of the rime problems in Argentina. (http://www. Vermiculite. Com, n. D. ) Foreign investors have equal rights as the domestic investors to own business in Argentina.But because of the high rate of corruption among the high players, foreign companies prefer to include funds for private rather than deal with Argentina's courts. According to the World Bank and International Finance Corporation Enterprise Survey (2010), senior managers in Argentina have faced some problems and difficulties with the requirements of government regulations. Recently these kinds of regulations have been related to import and foreign exchange restrictions. Wry. Liberated. Com, 2011) As Dunking' Donuts rely mostly on franchising, Argentina's legal framework related to franchising is good for Dunking' Donuts.The parties can together reach agreements without any governmental intervention. The law doesn't specifically regulate these agreements – they're called UN-nominated agreements†. Franchising is an exception in Argentina among notary publics; usually there are always specific formalities or registration requirements. (HTTPS://www. Waynesboro. Com, n. D. ) The main problem in Argentina's legal situation is related to corruption and problems that it's causing. Courts aren't so trusted and police is considered to be one of the reasons for high crime rates.As the corruption has been increasing lately, Dunking' Environmental Environmental issues in Argentina are typical for developing countries: poor water and air quality, deforestation, and soil degradation. However there are many authorities that are trying to make things better. Also the government is trying to influe nce environmental issues; Argentina made a pledge with Paraguay to save one of the most threatened forests. Two governments agreed to work towards zero net deforestation in the Atlantic Forest. For instance Argentina will implement new land- use plans that are hoped to protect 1. 1 million hectares of the forest.There is also an environmental education program included in Argentina's primary and secondary education. The main reason for the environmental education program is to teach people some environmental awareness from the early ages. (http://WFM. Panda. Org/) (Wry. Marketing. Com, 2011 ; Poor water is probably one of the biggest problems in Argentina; there are several areas in Argentina that are lacking of non-polluted drinking water. There's still 11% of the population lacking without piped water. Buenos Aries has spent all of its aquifers and is now relying on the river ROI De La Plat to supply water needs.Unfortunately that river is threatened by significant pollution. Rece ntly people in Argentina have been putting pressure on the government because of the poor condition of the country's water supply. (http://www. Disheartening. Com, 2011; (http:// www. Observational. Org/) Dunking' Donuts states in its corporate social responsibility: We are dedicated to serving the basic needs of our local communities – from providing food for the hungry and support for children's health and wellness, to ensuring our spinsterhood are safe and secure† and † We recognize that everything we do has an impact on the environment.

Consumer Buying Behaviour Essay

INTRODUCTION This paper is based on a group purchase from the popular coffee house Starbucks. All members were to meet and purchase a beverage and analyse the purchase and reflect on emotions and feelings prior to the purchase and also post purchase. Each group member bought something different so we were therefore able to compare each individuals experience. CONSUMER A Problem Recognition Consumer A and the other consumers recognised the need for a place to meet in order to enjoy some food/a drink that was in the centre of town, within a budget and would not require a reservation. Consumer A wanted a drink but also something more filling and exciting than a regular coffee or tea. This would take the consumer from their actual state to their ideal state (Solomon et al 2010). Information Search Due to the high recognition and availability of the brand, when feeling the need of a drink, hot or cold, Consumer A believe that the Starbucks brand recall is one of the strongest out there. Thus meaning that it is the first one the consumer will think of and additionally the brand is widely available. Particularly in Glasgow central, there is a Starbucks on almost every corner, stimulating both her internal and external information state (Solomon et al 2010). Consumer A and the rest of the group decided upon Starbucks, dismissing other rival retailers such as Costa and Caffe Nero The  consumer thought about what drinks she had seen people get and say was nice, this is known as an internal search, Consumer A also saw another female consumer drinking one of the ‘strawberries and cream frappaccino and thought it looked delicious and the pink and white colour combination is very appealing. Evaluation of alternatives Starbucks was chosen from the consumers evoked set (Solomon et al 2010), due to good marketing. Consumer A showed rational behaviour by opting for a drink that is quite filling so that it was less expensive than buying a drink and a separate snack. Consumer A used her prior knowledge of the drinks she had tried from Starbucks and opted for a drink she knew she liked the taste of rather than variety seeking Consumer A finds that the wide range of options in Starbucks means it can be difficult to make a decision, however they allow you to customise your drink which Consumer A likes as you can get exactly as you want. Purchase Consumer A decided on purchasing the strawberries and cream frappaccino. Consumer A enjoyed her experience overall, service was relatively efficient and her drink did not take long. There was low risk and involvement in the purchase, due to its low price (?3.29) and the nature of the product. Consumer A, did however, feel a little panicked when she went to order as you need to stand in the queue to read the menu boards rather than being able to read and decide before joining the queue. This left Consumer A feeling a bit rushed into the decision. Consumer A was offered cream on top, this left them feeling like it was an added extra, leaving them pleased with their purchase. Post-Purchase Consumer A was very pleased with the purchase as it tasted delicious and was very filling. Whilst Starbucks can be perceived to have some overpriced  products, consumer A did not feel like the frappaciano is one of them, so was satisfied, finding it good value for money. However having seen the high calorie content did make it somewhat less enjoyable as it inspires a little bit of post-purchase guilt. Consumer A decided to push aside any feelings of guilt, a manifestation of cognitive dissonance (Arnould et al 2004). Consumer A felt full and no longer thirsty, it had satisfied her sweet craving and so was now in her ideal state. Consumer A will continue to be a regular customer. Consumer A considers what the drink would be if it were a car, animal and person. If the drink were a car it would probably be a convertible, something fun, quite flash and expensive. If the drink were an animal it would be something relatively exotic and colourful, like a bird of paradise. If the drink was a person, they would be very sweet, probably relatively young, vivacious and excitable, possibly flirty. CONSUMER B The group recognise a problem when they decide they want to meet up but need the convenience of somewhere that does not require a reservation. There are several stores offering similar products in the surrounding area, Costa, Starbucks, Pret a Manger and other less branded coffee shops; constructive processing means the decision to go to Starbucks is made rather quickly; the decision was almost automated due to the knowledge of Starbucks’ product range (Solomon et al, 2010). The group perform an internal search to locate a Starbucks within walking distance from their current position. Whilst in line to order consumer B browses the many drinks on the menu considers the possible flavours and quickly decides to purchase a large cup of tea. The tea is chosen as it is consumer B’s favourite hot drink. As the decision to buy tea was made easily by consumer B there was time left to survey the cakes and biscuits on offer while in the queue; consumer B decided to make a hotspot purchase of a cookie to accompany the tea. Consumer B enjoys the purchase of tea and a cookie which cost ?3.70 which  consumer B believes to be competitively priced with rival stores but overpriced in relation to the cost of manufacture however this has not ruined the experience. Overall the experience was a positive one; service was quick, the store was laid out efficiently, staff were friendly, consumer B enjoyed the social aspect that was made possible due to the homely store and the purchase was satisfactory too. Consumer B considers what tea would be if it was a type of car, animal and person and determines, if a car it would be a Volkswagen Golf as it is without significant changes; if an animal it would be a dog or cat as is a lifelong companion; and if a person someone who was comforting, friendly and dependable. Tea has all of these characteristics to consumer B. (Solomon et al, 2010, pg314) CONSUMER C The group recognise a problem as to what time to meet up, as some group members are not nearby the selected Starbucks, and others only have a small amount of time due to work commitments. They decide to meet as soon as possible at a set point (Starbucks Buchanan Galleries) and to purchase their products as soon as they can so that all members can be involved, and the members that need to leave will just order take-away cups. Consumer C knew that they would need to leave for work soon after she had met the group at Starbucks, so their first thought was that it would be ideal to pick up a take-away cup. This is problem recognition (Solomon et al, 2010) in the customer realising they were currently purchasing a product, but would soon need to leave the location where the product is generally consumed. Pre-purchase research had taught them that Starbucks offer a take-away service. Having made this decision, consumer C now considered her options for a drink. Not particularly liking tea or coffee consumer C decides to buy a hot chocolate, and makes it a small as they are not that hungry. As consumer 2 is paying the cashier offers them cream and marshmallows for a small extra price, and so makes a hotspot decision to purchase cream for on top of the hot chocolate. Consumer C enjoyed the purchase of hot chocolate with cream. It was ideal that they could sit and enjoy the drink with the rest of the group, but leave slightly earlier without having to stop drinking their purchase due to the take-away cup. Compared to home-made products was a lot more enjoyable due to extra touches such as cream and the ability to sit with friends in a comfortable and relaxed environment. Consumer C reflects on their experience of the purchase of a hot chocolate for ?3.40. It was more satisfying than home-made products due to the services it comes with, and was an enjoyable experience with friends. If this product was a car Consumer C thinks it would be a Volkswagen Beetle as it is sweet and almost a bit childish. If it was an animal it would be a sloth because it is relaxed and happy. If it was a person it would be a grandmother type figure, as it is used to cheer people up and as an almost comfort-blanket type product. CONSUMER D The consumers decided to meet to discuss group work issues. Upon deciding a meeting place, there were a few options considered by the consumers: a restaurant or a cafe, as they would provide the perfect space and atmosphere in order to carry out the meeting without any major interruptions and would allow them their own space. Most of the group had already eaten lunch as this was around 2pm, so it was then decided that a cafe would be the most suitable place to meet, allowing them to also enjoy a relaxing hot drink and possibly a cake/pastry. Consumer D already had an idea of a place which would offer the group what they required, due to â€Å"Internal information search†. Consumer D regularly visited Starbucks and had never been let down by their services, they had a very positive image of the brand. They also remembered reading â€Å"Find your local Starbucks and visit us in store for your perfect latte!†(Starbucks official website 2012) on their official website, which coincidently happened to be their favourite hot beverage. A short conversation was  undertaken which involved assessing the nearby coffee shops such as Costa coffee and Pret a Manger, (mainly those who were branded, as the knowledge of their products and services were the highest) it was decided that Starbucks was the preferred option by all consumers. Upon arriving at the nearest Starbucks, consumer D already had decided what drink they were going to purchase (a latte) as they had previously enjoyed the same drink many times before and it was their favourite. As consumer D waited in the queue (queues are present nine times out of ten in most Starbucks although that never hindered the experience) they were faced with all of the cakes and sandwiches that the cafe had to offer. Although consumer D had just eaten lunch, they were almost at eye level with their favourite cake and made a rash decision to purchase it as they usually enjoyed it alongside their favourite drink. After ordering, the assistant then asked for consumer D’s name, to place on the order, to give it a personal touch, to make experience somewhat more pleasant. Taking into consideration all the qualities of the drink, the consumer decided that if it was to be compared to a car, it would most resemble an Audi as it was a safe option, it was reliable and not just a regular coffee, it was an upgraded sophisticated version. If the drink was to be compared to a person, it would most resemble a woman/mother in a well-paid occupation as it gives vibes of confidence and sophistication, due to the sharp coffee taste but also an understanding and warming vibe due to milk being the basis of the drink. It was then considered that if the latte was an animal it would be a Persian Cat, mostly due to the similarity of the colours and the cuddly yet classy image that they project. Consumer D was just as impressed as they always were with their Starbucks purchase; they believe that the brand is very consistent with the quality of their products which draws them in as they never have the risk of being disappointed. Although it cost them ?5.25 for a coffee and a cake, it was not grudged as it is now accepted as the norm for all branded coffee shops. Consumer D had also enjoyed the free Wi-fi, as it assisted the group whilst they were enjoying their beverages so they could socialise, discuss and  research all at the same time. Consumer D identified that the purchase was one of low involvement as during the information search, it was limited and not many options were considered; when it came to the purchase, they knew what they wanted to buy, they didn’t have look into any other product – the behaviour was habitual and post purchase, there was little evaluation on the purchase and no research was undertaken. CONSUMER E Prior to the visit to Starbucks, Consumer E was thrilled at the chosen place of purchase. Consumer E is familiar with the American Coffee House and visits regularly. Although Consumer E has been countless times before, this experience was to be different and the trip was to be made with a group of friends who had not spent time with each other before. Consumer E felt wary and anxious about how the group would all get along and how the experience would be. Consumer E was more concerned about the people attending the meeting than actually making the purchase. Consumers E was considering whether to stick with the regular order or try something new to add to the whole ‘new’ experience. Consumer E gathered information from the Starbucks website on what other beverages and snacks they serve to be prepared for meeting. Consumer E had decided on the purchase going to be made, however, before doing so, compared alternatives on the menu by analysing nutrition information. Consumer E then confirmed her choice before the day of the meeting. Friday 15th February was the day the group planned to meet at the Coffee House. Consumer E was running late so felt rushed when arriving. The remainder of the group were already sitting down, chatting, and seemed delighted that Consumer E had finally arrived. After around 5 minutes of brief chat, the group were ready to make their purchase. As everyone made their way to order, Consumer E realised that the firmed choice of hazelnut hot chocolate was not desired any longer. Consumer E had been in such a great rush to get to the meeting that the needs had changed and now craved something cold and refreshing. The queue was terribly long, so Consumer E had plenty of time to evaluate alternatives. When the caramel Frappuccino had been ordered, Consumer E felt no warmth and friendliness from the staff, which is normally the atmosphere created in Starbucks. The staff did ask the  name of the consumer to write on the cup, which is a nice, personal touch. The member of staff questioned whether the consumer would enjoy cream on their beverage or would prefer without. Consumer E agreed to the cream and made the purchase of ?3.29. After making the purchase, Consumer E realised there was no up sell of snacks or biscuits which the felt was disappointing and thought effort was lacking from the staff members. When the drink was ready, it was made aware that it was served in a plastic cup even though the consumer had stated they were sitting in. When arriving back at the table to join the remaining group members, Consumer E felt slightly out of place as the other members were sipping from large, Starbucks stamped mugs. Their experience seemed more homely, warm and comforting whereas Consumer E felt their Frappuccino was over-priced to be served in a plastic cup, with a straw. The consumer understood that the type of drink is slightly different; however, the purchase made should not affect the overall experience of consuming in such a place where expectations are so high. Consumer E felt as though they had been given a take away, and although the beverage was lovely, it would have been more enjoyable if it had been consumed the same way as the other group members; from a mug like you’re sitting at home! Overall, the experience of the purchase was slightly disappointing; however, Consumer E loves the social aspect of Starbucks. If the consumer had the chance to indulge in the atmosphere predicted before the purchase was made, then the outcome may have been different. CONSUMER COMPARISON Problem Recognition The consumers recognised a variety of reasons as to why they made their purchase. Consumer A was thirsty and wanted something quite filling, Consumer B wanted a drink and a snack, Consumer C wanted the convenience of a takeaway cup, Consumer D wanted a drink and was also hungry for a cake, and Consumer E also wanted a drink. All the consumers identified the need  for somewhere convenient and not too expensive to meet. Information Search The consumers used different methods of collecting information. The choice of Starbucks was largely based on all the consumers’ previous experiences and awareness of the brand, showing successful marketing, as all of the consumers noted that they had previously been and it was thought of as an easy and convenient choice. Consumer E, D and A admit to being regular customers, thus illustrating not only their brand loyalty but also how integrated the ‘Starbucks’ brand is within consumers internal search, strong brand recall (Solomon et al 2010). Consumer E also used an external search by looking at the product options prior to their trip, comparing prices and calories. Additionally Consumer D recalled knowledge of one of the brands advertisements on their website. Evaluation of Alternatives The evaluation of alternatives was somewhat unique for each consumer. Consumer E had decided upon their purchase beforehand, Consumer D stuck to her favourite drink, whilst Consumers C, B and A perused the menu and made more impulsive decisions from the extensive menu. Consumer A was relatively price conscious. All the consumers evaluated whether they would enjoy the purchase beforehand and stuck to drinks they had tried before to avoid disappointment. Purchase Consumers had different experiences when making their purchases, despite it being the same staff. Whilst Consumer E was disappointed by the lack of up-sell, Consumer A thought this was a positive aspect of the experience as she felt that being pressured into purchasing more is a turn-off. Whilst Consumers A, C and D were okay with the price, Consumer B thought it slightly overpriced especially in relation to the manufacture cost of her tea; however all the consumers agreed on the enjoying the social aspects of  the Starbucks experience. Post-Purchase Evaluation The consumers post purchase evaluations also differed despite being together in the same Starbucks at the same time. Personal preference would be best identified as the driving force behind why some Consumers were more pleased with their purchases than others. Due to the nature of the products purchased the consumers were able to test the product immediately. Consumer A was pleased with her purchase despite a little post-purchase guilt and experiencing a little post purchase dissonance, Consumer E was left slightly disappointed with their purchase, whilst consumers B, C and D were all satisfied, describing it as a positive experience and purchase. Whilst Consumer E was left unhappy with the fact their frappacciano came in a take away cup, this was seen as a positive for Consumer C, for whom the ease of the plastic cup allowed them not to rush before heading to work commitments. CONCLUSION In conclusion, consumers A, B, C, D, and E, all used the ‘Individual Decision Making Process’ when going about their purchase from Starbucks. Consumers A and purchased their drink through need as well as want, they were thirsty. Consumers C and were more driven by want as they weren’t particularly hungry or thirsty. In the Information search stage, all the consumers followed a relatively similar pattern, due to the high brand awareness of Starbucks and its easy availability. None of the consumers set an exact budget, but all the purchases retailed under ?7. On the whole all the Consumers, except consumer E who expressed a little disappointment, had a positive experience and Consumers E and D are already loyal customers. Therefore they are likely to go back and continue to purchase from Starbucks. The consumers’ decision making processes are somewhat unique and are more complex due to the extensive menu and options available. REFERENCES James R. Bettman, ‘The Decision Maker Who Came in from the Cold’ (presidential address), in Leigh McAllister and Michael Rothschild (eds), Advances in Consumer Research 20 (Provo, U.T.: Association for Consumer Research, 1993): 7-11; John W. Payne, James R. Bettman and Eric J. Johnson, ‘Behavioural decision research: A constructive processing perspective’, Annul Review of psychology 4 (1992): 87-131; J.R. Bettman, M.F Luce and J.W. Payne ‘Constructive consumer choice processes’, Journal of Consumer Research 25(3) (December 1998): 187-217; for an overview of recent developments in individual choice models, see Robert J. Meyer and Barbara E. Kahn, ‘Probabilistic Models of Consumer Choice Behaviour’, in Thomas S. Robertson and Harold H. Kassarjian (eds), Handbook of Consumer Behaviour (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991): 85-123. Cited in Consumer Behaviour a European Perspective, 2010, fourth edition: Prentice Hall Michael R. Solomon, Gary Damossy, Soren Askegaard, Margaret K. Hogg, 2010, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, Fourth Edition: Prentice Hall http://starbucks.co.uk/promo/mondays-can-be-great Solomon, Bamossy, Askegarrd and Hogg, (2006), Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall. Arnould. E, Price. L, Zinkhan. G, (2004). Consumers, (2nd ed), McGraw-Hill.

Keats’ presentation of time Essay

Compare and contrast Keats’ presentation of time, transience and mortality in â€Å"Ode to Autumn† with that in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn and â€Å"Ode to Nightingale†Ã‚  During the period of 1814- 1820 Keats was at his most successful throughout this time he wrote both of his major poems â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†. Another flourishing poem of his was â€Å"Ode to Autumn† which he wrote shortly before his death. In this essay I will be addressing many areas, clarifying Keats’ thoughts and feelings. To do this I will compare and contrast the way in which Keats presents time, transience and mortality I will then explain how this idea is a delusion and how Keats realises this. To conclude these ideas I will find evidence for resolution to this point in â€Å"Ode to Autumn†.  Keats is very conscious of mortality for the duration of both â€Å"Ode on Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† because Keats feels this apprehension he tries to escape by imagining immortality. Keats writes â€Å"struggle to escape† (line 9) in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and this reveals Keats is questioning himself, along with why he cannot escape the thought of eventually dying. Many emotions are expressed while he goes through this experience. Keats feels very envious of the nightingale and this is shown in â€Å"tis not through envy of thy happy lot† (line 5). Keats wants to escape from this depression and also the knowledge of mortality. The main idea of this escapism shows Keats trying to go back to the state of Innocence; he may feel that he wants to be able to enjoy his life with his brother again and to also not have to worry about life’s troubles. In â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† envy can be linked to escapism, as Keats feels this envy he gets led to wanting to find escapism. In â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† Keats writes â€Å"Thou foster-child of silence and slow time† (line 2) this may suggest that Keats is envious of the figures on the urn and how they are still able to enjoy their child hood and also their child-like innocence. Keats enjoys being around the figures on the Urn and also seems to associate them with beautiful people and this is shown in this quote where he describes them as â€Å"happy, happy† (line 21). Since this feeling he may envy the thought of the figures on the urn being immortal, Keats does not actually know whether these people are immortal but he thinks that is the case. This is because he may feel that mortals cannot be happy with the thought of eventually dying and as these figures appear happy they therefore must be immortal. There is similar situation in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† the atmosphere starts to become rather intense and Keats then quotes â€Å"away, away!† (line 31). Keats is desperate to follow the nightingale, he even considers following it and flying away with it. Keats thought that originally he would be left with a feeling of ecstasy whereas he was left with feelings of emptiness. In â€Å"Ode to Autumn† Keats no longer feels the need to be envious of other things. He now feels that all he can do is ask questions for example â€Å"Where are they† (line 23), Keats unfortunately does not know the answers but he still seems content with asking the questions.  Throughout these three poems Keats has been excessively trying to seek resolution and emotional fulfilment. Unfortunately he cannot find either in â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† nor â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† whereas he does in â€Å"Ode to Autumn†. In â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† Keats writes â€Å"Do I wake or sleep?† (line 82) as well as â€Å"was it a vision or a waking death?† because he is searching for these emotions all he feels is that he can do is ask questions and this is because he has no answers for why he cannot seek and successfully find emotional fulfilment. In â€Å"Ode to Autumn† he finally finds what he has been looking for, emotional fulfilment, Keats says â€Å"lives or dies†. He shows that he has found resolution whilst also realising the longer he lingers over the past the more he will miss the present time.  This I called ‘carpe diem’ Keats is no longer bitter and now knows how to appreciate the future and accept his fate. Keats’ imagery ranges among all our physical sensations: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and temptation etc†¦Keats repeatedly combines different senses in one image, which is, he attributes the traits of one sense to another. This imagery performs a major functions in the two poems â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† and â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†; this is the combining of senses normally experienced as separate experiences. The images could be the ability to sympathise and humanize natural objects. Many examples of this mainly appear in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†- for example â€Å"In some melodious plot of beechen green† (line 8/9) this combine sound â€Å"melodious† and also sight â€Å"beechen green†. In stanza 4 there is an excellent use of imagery â€Å"but here there is no light â€Å". Keats then goes on to say â€Å"Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown† (line 39) this is useful as it the image describes light filtering through leaves moved by the wind. The effect that this has is to show that Keats is feeling that death and the thought of eventually dying is draining all the good things out of life.

Health Care Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Care - Research Paper Example According to Frontline video there is need to focus on other healthcare systems with an aim of drawing comparison. The United Kingdom healthcare system is unique in that the governments pays for healthcare and are responsible for the national health services. This enables affordable healthcare to all while exempting the old and the young from payment related to drugs. In the case of Germany, citizens are allowed to purchase their insurance cover from private companies. This is positive in the sense that people are at liberty to choose an insurance cover that suits their needs. In Japan, the government ensures each individual has an insurance cover in that the employers enroll its employees to a suitable insurance company. The employee is required to pay a large amount of the required premiums those unemployed are enrolled in government plan. In Taiwan, the government monopolizes the health insurance hence minimizing healthcare cartels. The mandatory government insurance plan ensures low cost of drugs as well as a subsidized healthcare. In Switzerland, the country subsidizes healthcare services for lower income earners. This is an effort of ensuring that the healthcare system is accessible to all. The cost of healthcare service is a major concern. In Switzerland, the amount of premium paid is slightly below $ 800. Citizens pay the premium amount totally and no exemption is given to citizens. The Germany case is such that the private sector is given more powers in matters insurance. The model applied by the country may be ineffective to those of low incomes. In Taiwan lack of competitor in social insurance would imply that the government may fail to regulate standards in the healthcare. In Japan there is need to focus on limited government participation in healthcare service provision. The private sector solemnly controls the health sector thus government lacks

History of the Chernobyl Catastrophe Term Paper

History of the Chernobyl Catastrophe - Term Paper Example The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Number 4 located in the city of Prypiat in north central Ukraine exploded on April 26th, 1986 (Newtan 137). This is one of the world's worst and most catastrophic nuclear events. It is recorded to be at a scale ten times the magnitude of the atomic bomb explosion of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of the Second World War (Brack 71). The explosion had a tremendous effect on the people living in the region as well as people living in nearby countries. This is because the radioactive substances of the explosion were transferred by wind to other nations in the then communist bloc of Eastern Europe. The subsequent evaporation of these radioactive materials led to tremendous suffering and detrimental effects on both humans, plants and animals in the region. A lot of subsequent events suggest that the Chernobyl disaster had a strong effect on the fetuses which led to the birth of deformed babies. Another issue was the prevalence of cancer and typhoid amon gst children. This paper examines the relationship between this nuclear incident and the political, social and environmental structures of the Soviet system. The paper views how the inactions and failures of the Soviet government led to serious consequences for the communities in and around the areas affected by the nuclear disaster. The paper goes on to identify the effects of the nuclear incident on the environment of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia that was affected by the radioactive substances... These three points indicate that there were significant and clearcut failures of the Soviet authorities in taking relevant steps to prevent and/or contain an incident of the magnitude of the Chernobyl disaster. Aleksievich & Gessen identify that there was a woman who clinched to her husband whilst he was dying. This was something that responsible health officials should have prevented. Although the nurses warned the woman saying â€Å"that is not a person anymore. That is a nuclear reactor† (51), the failed to stop the woman. This means that inevitably, the woman also suffered some kind of damage. If the nurses and the health authorities had the right measures in place, people would have passed on humanely in isolated conditions and there would have been less implications for the wider society. In an effort to contain the incident, hunters were dispatched to evacuate villages and killed household pets. This is something that is absolutely unprofessional and shows that the Sovi et regime concentrated more on other things and absolutely neglected disaster relieve organizations and agencies. On the site, there was strong evidence that the persons dispatched had little experience and materials to contain the effects of the reactor. Soldiers and engineers hurled lead and stones into the plant with the hope of containing the fire (Mould 17). This was clearly unprofessional and they were obviously not prepared for such an event. Also, there is clear evidence that the Soviet Authorities used propaganda to secure public confidence. This boils down to the complicated structure of governance of the Soviet Union which involved a desire to keep the system working at all costs (Carter & Christensen 202). In Alesievich & Gessen's accounts, the

Evaluation of Demand Elasticity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Evaluation of Demand Elasticity - Research Paper Example The value of elasticity (e) for a product lies in the range of 0 to 1. If the elasticity for a product is 0 (perfectly inelastic), then the sellers can easily manipulate changes in the price of the product. However, if the demand elasticity for the product is 1 (perfectly elastic), then the sellers must be very careful while changing the price of the product (as the demand is highly sensitive). This research paper will concentrate on the business price elasticity analysis of a Hamilton Beach 4 Speed Blender. The learnt from the paper will help the researcher to analyze the most optimal business strategy for the product (Arnold 167). Section 1: Relative Price Comparison This part of the paper will explain the relative price comparison table for the concerned product, Hamilton Beach 4 Speed Blender. This is a table that would compare the prices of the product with its close substitutes. Relative Price Comparison Table (Source: Author’s Creation) The above table explains the rela tive price comparison table for the Hamilton Beach 4 Speed Blender. The three selected locations are the different cities of Los Angeles. These are West Hollywood, Culver City and Santa Monica. The table would compare the prices of Hamilton Beach 4 Speed Blender in these three locations (prices of the same group products in three different markets in nearby geographic locations) (â€Å"Hamilton Beach 54615 Wavestation Express Dispensing Blender with 48-Ounce Jar, Black†). The two close substitute product of the Hamilton Beach 4 Speed Blender are the Hamilton Beach Big Mouth Juicer and the Hamilton Beach Stainless Steel Peeler of Fruit and Vegetable. It should be considered that there is no perfect substitute for the mixer grinder. This is the reason for which peeler and juicer are the closed substitutes of the product. The table would also compare the prices of the close substitutes of the Hamilton Beach 2 Speed Blender in the same markets (â€Å"Hamilton Beach Big Mouth Jui ce Extractor†). Before the table is analyzed, one has to understand the meaning of a substitute product. Products are substitutes of each other if the features inbuilt in the product satisfy the same type of demand (hence, utility) for consumers. Cross price relation of substitute products is positive. For example, Coke and Pepsi are substitutes of each other and thus, the rise in the price of Coke would decrease its quantity demanded (law of demand) and increase the price for Pepsi (â€Å"Hamilton Beach Stainless Steel Fruit & Vegetable Peeler – 03066†). Price of Coke Quantity Demanded for Pepsi (Source: Author’s Creation) The relative price comparison table in the above graph reflects the price differentials among the close substitutes in the three nearby markets (Hamilton Beach 4 Speed Blender, Hamilton Beach Big Mouth Juicer and Hamilton Beach Stainless Steel Peeler of Fruit and Vegetable) and almost no price differences in the same group of product (H amilton Beach 4 Speed Blender) in the chosen locations in these three markets (Culver City, West Hollywood and Santa Monica). Before the in-depth analysis, the cause for this situation can be explained by theory of simple economics. The close substitutes are actually products with different characteristic

Human Resources-Employee Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources-Employee Engagement - Essay Example The main focus on this report is on employee engagement and evaluating the relationship between employee engagement and productivity. Furthermore, a discussion will be carried out showing that organizations need to be updated about the latest trends and changes in Human Resource policies in order to reflect new expectations, which can provide a positive approach towards maximizing productivity in the organization. Employee Engagement Attributes Employee engagement is a phenomenon, which consists of three attributes; attitudes, behavior and outcomes. These are interlinked with each other and provide a virtuous circle of employee engagement. An employee needs to feel committed (attitude) towards carrying out their duties through proactive conduct (behavior) by the way he carries out in his tasks which can provide a result (outcome) in a form of higher productivity with little or no conflicts. These attributes are caused by organizations that engage employees to have a vision towards ca rrying their responsibilities through elements of mutual trust and understanding. Hence, through employee engagement programs there are improved performances. However, employees cannot be manipulated towards commitment because it may result in disillusionment so it is necessary there are scales to review their performances. Employee engagement needs to be measurable so that it can be correlated with the amount of effort an individual puts in performing his tasks (Macey et al., 2011). Employee Engagement and Productivity Employers can play a very effective role in enforcing employee engagement in the organization and use it as a tool to increase productivity. In order to increase the potential of employees, there is a need to incorporate them together by defining the core values and principles of the organization. Productivity can be increased through employee engagement as employees may feel that they are motivated to work towards each other and they may also own the outcome of thei r performances as they are liable to connect their tasks with the organizational goals. Hence, these engaged employees tend to be more vigilant and have a pro-active relationship with each other and the employer. Communication with employees is necessary in order to engage them and define the purpose of their roles as it creates an engagement, which can help achieve these organizational goals. Employers who take part in engagement through effective communication can drive them to do better jobs. The main focus for employers should be how these individuals can identify themselves. Employers need to provide support to them through rational content as well as at a personal level. Ability of the employer to engage them will also lower turnover in the organization. Employees who feel more engaged with the workforce may find themselves more secured and this employee retention will be cost effective for the organization. In organizations, where there is a problem in retention of employees there is a constant need to hire new employees and also carry out their training and development, which may be costly for the organization. Thus, engagement of employees increases the level of satisfaction among individuals, which increases their productivity as well (Albrecht, 2010). Fostering employees towards engagement In order to drive employees towards engagement, there is a need of a strategy through which a culture is developed in which besides judging the person’

Write about this picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Write about this picture - Essay Example The first picture is of a woman seemingly suspending on the air with cactus plants around her. The first picture I get when I look at the picture is that the lady is extraordinary. Therefore, the picture is drawn in an era when there are beliefs on extraordinary events. Cactus in most cases is a sign of a dry area like a desert. The woman, therefore, could have been from an area of drought. The cactus also represents challenges and hardships. Interesting enough the lady seems to be unbothered by the situation surrounding her. She seems to have been raised up from the ground. In my view, it shows some form of victory. The woman seems to worry less about the things surrounding her. The colors used in the picture are also a depiction of some form of victory and joy. The colors forming the surrounding areas show some form of darkness that comes along with fear and uncertainty. The lady seems not to be worried by any of these. The cloth that covers her also shows some form of protection a nd defense from any forms of attacks as the cloth covers her. The second picture too seems to be of the same lady. The angle that the neck has bent is almost the same as that of the lady in the picture with a frame on it. There are thorns that surround the second picture and beyond the thorns are a black figure that in my view seems to be an evil ghost. The black color and other dark color combination greatly brings the meaning that is expected to be derived from the picture, The picture seems to be of older centuries when there was high belief in superstition and religious devotions. The lady in the second picture seems to be undisturbed by the challenges and threats that surround her. She seems to be protected from the challenges that face her. The picture colors used show the audience that the picture is of older times (Powda, 2013). In my analysis and research, there seems to be a connection between the lady in the picture and the religious

Business in a Competitive Environment -technology Article

Business in a Competitive Environment -technology - Article Example There are a number of factors that influence the market’s preference of one technology over another and these include innovation and lock-in forces. Innovation has been defined differently by different people but the one thing that is common in all its definitions is the need to complete the exploitation and development aspects of new knowledge or technology, not just its invention. Innovation is often confused with invention but the later is the first step of the lengthy process of developing a good idea into wide spread and effective use by consumers. A good invention does not guarantee market preference and therefore market success. Once a good technological invention has been created, innovation tools such as market development, project management, organizational behaviour and financial management, just to mention a few, have to be employed in order to make the invented technology successful in the market. For instance, when consumers or markets are faced with the decision to select a technology among many available technologies, the consumers will find it necessary to base their decision on several innovative aspects such a s the technology that gives a richer user experience, is easily accessible, has evolving capabilities, is secure, and best serves the need of the business, among other aspects. The direction of technological innovation is a major determinant of the technology that gets preference in a market. Technological innovation can either be sustaining or disruptive. Sustaining innovations are those that seek to improve an already existing technology in order to increase its value to the market while disruptive innovations aim to introduce entirely new technology to the market in order to replace the old technology. Disruptive technological innovations often overlap with radical breakthroughs but sometimes represent advances in business models. Leading companies and governments in tend to be very successful at implementing sustaining

The conditions of the factories Essay Example for Free

The conditions of the factories Essay I am writing to you in concern of the conditions of the factories. I have interviewed a male and female worker and an Orphanage Director. An Owner And an overseer have also been spoken to about they way things are being run in the mill factory. Its been long enough and the factories need to be changed now. The working hours are extremely long and the workers hardly get any sleep. I am surprised that none of the factory owners have changed this because it is in their interest why they should be changed. If the workers have less hours working and more hours for sleep, rest and eating, the workers will perform better and the factory will produce a lot more products. From my sources I have found out that all the workers get up and work at three am and end at nine to ten pm. Thats over eighteen hours a day. Whats worse is they only get five hours of sleep. If you reduced the working hours and added more time for sleeping, the tasks would be completed with more speed. The wages for the workers are unreasonably low. From what I have heard the adults are given fifteen pence a week, and children earn five a week. This needs to be changed quickly so that the children can feed themselves and the rest of their family if they need to. The workers also need enough money to buy new clothes and a bit extra for there own choice. The children get paid in tokens to spend in the factory shop. This is a good thing to have so the children dont spend the wages on other things then the essential food and water. But the children need to have money in cash so they can buy clothes and other things they may need to keep healthy. At the moment the children are cheap labour for the factory. I have noticed when I have visited some of the factories that there are some very young people working there. I have heard from some workers that there children as young as four years old working there. The overseer said there was only allowed to be over thirteens working. But thats not true. The owner of the Orphanage who is selling the children to the factory also claims she is only selling over thirteens. Thats not correct either. Whats disturbing is that the Orphanage Director spends an alarming amount of her profit on alcohol. I recommend that children should have to be 14 or over to work in the factories all over England. The employees need a nutritional and healthy diet to stay alive. But the foods the factories are serving in the extremely short lunch breaks seem to be very unhealthy. This has to be altered in order for the workers ability to be improved. The workers need to be able to use the lavatory when they need to. A young employee I interviewed said that the factory is hot, damp and it smells atrocious. It smells bad because the owner does not let the workers use the toilet often. Another worker told me that there were people watching so they did not fall asleep or he would strike them with his belt. The child workers have to crawl under the machines and fix them because they are smaller than the adults who work there. One child told me that they dont switch off the machines when the children crawl under and that they have no guards protecting them. That is outrageous. If the factory doesnt want to keep buying more employees they wont want to kill there workers buy not adding a simple guard. Another factory inspector told me what he saw was happening to a young girl, She was caught up by her apron, which wrapped around the shaft. She was whirled round and repeatedly forced between the shaft and the carding engine. (Her right leg was found some distance away). There are some good things about the factories like children given tokens to spend on nothing but food and some factory owners and industrialists subsidize housing and some even help financially with schooling. The factories need to be changed in some very simple ways which will help by aiding the performance of a worker like less labour hours and more lunch and sleeping hours and food needs to become more healthy with nutritional ingredients. The factories at the moment have terribly bad working conditions with no fresh air witch can easily be ventilated with out ruining the cotton. There are many ways in which we can help the factories become a healthier and a more enjoyable place to work. I very much hope that you will help to improve these factories from this letter I have wrote you will change the bad things happening.

The Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

The Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay Non-renewable energy sources is widely used for its relatively cheap price, it is readily available, its location, integration, and economic benefits. Nonrenewable energy sources are a lot cheaper to mine and utilize versus the alternative renewable energy resources. The United States Energy Information Administration states that power plants fueled by coal and other nonrenewable energy sources produce electricity at a cheaper cost than when generated by renewable energy source, wind for example. Biofuels, derived from plants, are more expensive to produce and yield a worse miles per gallon rating than non-renewable source petroleum. Many people have supported the use of renewable energy, but have not thought of the negative effects it can bring to society if it were to completely replace non-renewable energy sources. It can lead to an increase in unemployment if this were to happen. Fossil fuel industries employ millions of people and generate more than a trillion dollars in revenue . The transition of adopting an alternative energy will provide jobs but the magnitude of such action will only be hard to do. Renewable energy can only be sited in certain location and its distribution is no readily available to that of petroleum. Petroleum, a fossil fuel, can be easily distributed through pipelines to most areas at a relatively low cost. This provides a better alternative than that of alternative energy sources. Take wind turbines as an example, an electric-producing generator that requires areas that have significant amount of winds are not as effective as utilizing oil that is readily available. Global infrastructures are designed to use non-renewable energy and the integration of renewable sources is one that is hard to implement. Making this transition will require wholesale changes in energy production and its distribution. Biofuel, an alternative energy, requires its own pumps and well which require a huge investment of capital on part of the seller. Just li ke non-renewable energy, sources have its advantages it also has its disadvantages (http://www.ehow.com/list_7221490_benefits-nonrenewable-energy-sources.html). Non-renewable energy sources, fossil fuels, is highly sought for being the cheapest alternative other energy, but many disadvantages exists with its use. The issues entangled with such energy source are that it is a finite source, produces pollution, environmental issues, and human dependency. Non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels will eventually run out and humans must shift to other alternatives. It takes millions of years for fossil fuels to form and we are consuming them at a fast rate. Once this finite source runs out, humans will need to invest in alternative energies and if not done in time, it can stunt economic growth. Fossil fuels when utilized produce a byproduct known as carbon dioxide, which is the culprit to hurting the human health. Many industrial companies produce tons of carbon dioxide and sulfur oxide into the atmosphere causing a greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the main contributor to global warming, the process of earths increase in temper ature due to the destruction of the ozone layer. This contributes to the melting of ice caps, which in return will raise the ocean and destroy habitats. During mining for coal and drilling oil there are many dangers to the environment involved. It creates an imbalance to our ecosystem by destroying the land and the surrounding habitats. Oil spills caused by drilling in the oceans damages the marine life and the natural balance of the underwater ecosystem (http://www.ehow.com/info_7823431_disadvantages-nonrenewable-sources-energy.html). Non-renewable energy source mainly consist of coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power. In the United States and many other countries the most well-known fossil fuel is coal. Coal has been used as a power source since the dawn of the industrial revolution. Coal was formed from plant life buried in the Earth millions of years ago and it is carbon based. (http://www.universetoday.com/73708/what-are-fossil-fuels/#ixzz2MtbMpSsF). It is the largest non-renewable energy sources consumed in the United States. During 1997, U.S. coal production reached a record high of 1,087 million tons, an increase of 2.3 percent, or 25 million tons, above 1996 production levels (PDF). Coal is commonly used to produce electricity in power plants, fuel for heating, and for making steel. Many chemicals derived from coal are used to produce and manufacture nylon, paints, plastics, and rubber among other products. Coal is ranked based on the amount of heat it produces. It is ranked, in increasing order, brown coal, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Bituminous is the most common type and is soft coal. Just as coal is sought for its properties and use, oil is also a strong non-renewable energy source. Crude oil comes in a variety of characteristics it ranges from a very fluid volatile liquid to a viscous like fluid, close to semisolid. Their density varies, according to how dense the crude oil is, it is described as heavy, average or light. The lighter it the density the more gasoline it contains, a preferred refined product. It can come in multiple colors in its crude state. Colors consist of black, green, yellow, or even transparent. Gasoline, also known in its raw form as petroleum is another fossil fuel. Everyone knows about gasoline because the important role it plays in our economy. Gasoline powers the majority of automobiles and vehicles on the planet today. The combustion engine made using gasoline a cheap and efficient source of energy for powering these vehicles (http://www.universetoday.com/73708/what-are-fossil-fuels/#ixzz2MtbCUaYE). Crude oil, a hydrocarbon, is composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen with some minor impurities of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. It has multiple applications, once refined, such as gasoline, kerosene, furnace oil, and many other types. Petroleum is a crude oil that can be distilled to make lubricating oils, asphalt, and other products. Along with coal, it is one of the major producers of energy. In combination, coal and petroleum produce 60 percent of U.S. energy consumed today and their use is expected to generate 20 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity by 2015, up from a 1995 level of 11.4 trillion kilowatt-hours (PDF). Another non-renewable source composed of hydrocarbons is Natural gas. Natural gas is a mixture of flammable gases, mainly the hydrocarbons methane and ethane that occurs beneath the surface of the Earth. Natural gas is commonly found in association with petroleum due to the same favorable condition they are found it. It can be manufactured directly from coal and petroleum as well. Natural gas is favorable as an energy source because it inexpensive to transport via pipelines from one place to anot her. It is estimated that about 100 million metric tons of natural gas are reserve, estimated to last about 100 years. Another non-renewable energy source was expected to a clean and cheap alternative but lacked support. Nuclear power does not produce pollution such as greenhouse gasses compared to fossil fuels. Many believed this energy, at one point, be cheaper and outlast many other non-renewable resources. Many electrical power plants take advantage of nuclear energy as an alternative for producing electricity. Nuclear reactors provide the energy to heat the water that is converted into steam, which then drives a turbine-generator to produce electricity. The fission of uranium atoms allows the production of heat in the reactors to also produce the steam. Uranium is the fuel for nuclear reactors. It is an abundant and naturally radioactive element found in most rocks and as it decays it produces heat inside the Earths crust. This process is similar in a nuclear reactor. Heat is produced in a nuclear reactor when neutrons strike uranium atoms, causing them to split in a continuous chain reaction. There are several commercial reactors distributed around the United States whose design consist mainly of heavy steel pressure vessels surrounding the reactor core. This reactor core contains the uranium. Nuclear power, a non-renewable energy source, deemed to be the best compared to others in terms of clean efficient energy but its lack of management stunt its growth. Construction costs and the numerous regulation imposed by the government led this project to more expensive than originally predicted making it a nonprofit source, something not acceptable. Along with its poor management there posed many dangers with handling nuclear power. Nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania and the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant in Ukraine raised many concerns about its safety. The United States has not built a new nuclear facility in over twenty years, a relatively complex energy source (http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/How_Does_Nuclear_Energy_Work). Non-renewable energy as a source has been controversial for many reasons but humans are highly dependent of it. There are not any alternative and more efficient energy sources that can provide the world with cheaper and more readily energy than fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are frowned upon for the pollution they create. Even strong supporters of fossil fuel use will agree. The pollution leads to climate change, health risks from overexposure, and the highly controversial global warming. Whether it is about the release of greenhouse gases being release or spills of petroleum in natural habitats, the dangers are very real. We can assume that increased coal production and consumption will lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from fossil fuel power plants. Thus, not only is coal consumption increasing but, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas emitted from burning coal, will also increase (PDF). Scientists are looking for better ways to harvest and use fossil fuel. Some include a hybrid mixture of a non-renewable source with a renewable source. The mixing of gasoline with biofuels have shown to provide a cleaner form of carbon fuels such as natural gas and bio matter from livestock (http://www.universetoday.com/73708/what-are-fossil-fuels/#ixzz2MtbWMHIE). Besides the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels, the economic impact also is very damaging. Non-renewable are becoming more scarce and this will increase the price to obtain such needed energy. Non-renewable sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear power will eventually run out or harder to produce leading humans to find more efficient renewable sources (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nonrenewableresource.asp#ixzz2Mtc6J7RE).

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mechanical Joining Engineering Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mechanical Joining Engineering Essay Mechanical joining is the part method to joint components together, which mechanical joining is accomplished have expanded, the number of joints produced continuous to grow and the performance demands and expectations are becoming greater. The joining process can remain the prolific, pervasive, and important of joining process. There has two type of this process such as mechanical fastening and integral mechanical attachment, or simply integral attachment. Mechanical joining involves the attachments of components in an assembly or elements in structure through the either an integral of the components or elements or use of the supplement device called a fastener, which resulting in integral mechanical attachment and mechanical fastening. Mechanical joining is used joining or install structure from details parts and structural elements. For the both manifestations of mechanical joining, load are transferred from one component or element to another strictly through the development of pu rely mechanical forces rising from the interlocking and resulting interferences or vice versa of two or more components or components and fasteners. There are no dependences on the development of any primarily or secondary atomic, ionic, or molecular bonds between the components materials. Mechanical is the components to fabricated from different materials to be joint, There is no has for chemical and physical interaction. If the interaction occurs when seen as problematic such as galvanic corrosion or galling and seizing during adhesive wear. Mechanical joining is used to create assemblies or structures from detailed parts or structural elements. Mechanical joining offers many advantages compare to other fundamental joining process. The first advantages of mechanical joining is this process unique in that is primarily dependent on the structures to be joined, and only dependent on the materials which these structures are composed. No bonds need to be formed to accomplish joining, nor do any need to be broken to accomplish disassembly. Where, mechanical joining methods or technique uniquely allow simple practical disassembly without damaging the parts involved. The second advantages is uniquely allows intentional disassembly without damaging parts involved. Where, this is very frequently essential for the purpose of portability, maintenance, services replacements, of damages parts, modification, of the assembly or structures. The third advantage is no bonds formed. Where, is the most form of mechanical fastening and some form of integral attachment permit relative intentional motion between joined parts. The fourth advantage i s mechanical joining may no changes to the chemical composition or microstructures the materials compare the parts being joined. Where, this is because the forces needed to hold the joint components together. And no atomic à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬level bonding are created and no chemical interaction. The fifth advantage is this joining allows the different materials to be joined together such as metal to glass, and metal to polymers. The sixth advantage is provides a simple of achieving of structural damage tolerance beyond inherent material damage tolerance. Mechanical joining also has disadvantages such as, all mechanical joining fastening and integral attachment is that stress concentrates at the point of fastening or attachment. For example of fastener requiring hole is screw, key, bolt, rivet and pin. The hole can create the stress concentration unless the fastener is interference is specially process to create a compressive residual stress to offset tension stress. For other type is virtually all integral attachment, stress concentrates at the point of attachment. Stress concentration is particular concern in fatigue critical structure, but it can more aggravate accelerate corrosion. The second disadvantages of mechanical joining is mechanical joining related to above mentioned stress concentration is that the utility of mechanical joining. Stress concentration can lead to fastener hole or attachment feature distortion and loss of effectiveness. The utility of mechanical joining can be limited by materials anisotropy, particularly i f that anisotropy leads to weakness through the fastening thickness, as in most laminated composites. The result can be fastener pull through or pull out. The third disadvantages of mechanical joining can be the open nature of the joint between points of fastening, around fasteners and between points of attachment. Such as joint allows moisture, water, air, fluid intrusion, permits leaks, and can accelerate corrosion in the oxygen starved crevice and dissimilar electrochemical nature of the joined materials or any residual stresses. For example, the ever present stress concentration. Other disadvantage of mechanical fastening is more intensity for assembly can be high, especially for high performance system. There can also be a weight when compare to integrally attached as welding, brazing and soldering. The joining can loosen in service as a result of vibration. Most cost or other process can be higher for some integral attachment method. It also can experience loosening and disass embly from flexing especially during impact from dropping, or material stress relaxation. As stated earlier, most joint are critical element of assembly and structure. They can be the weakest links in some assemblies or structures, thereby being the most likely areas of an assembly and structure to fail. Therefore, joints demand careful design for all forms of joining, including mechanical fastening and integral attachment. The most important aspects of the design joints is identifying the sources and estimating the magnitudes and directions of applied internally generated loads. The sources of loads can be weight or force, example from snow, water, wind, or other parts of the structure. The forces from interacting structures, internal inertial forces, vibrations, transients, especially from startups, shutdowns, and faults, temperature changes or thermal excursions, fluid pressures, prime movers. The joint element is held together by shear in the fastener and the bearing force or stress in the joint elements created by the fastener. For example of fastener properly used f or bearing-type shear-loaded joints are nails, rivets, pins, and key. When these joint is operating properly, the frictional force developed precludes the fastener from having to carry and apply a bearing force by not allowing slip of the joint element. Bolt can be used for joining such as a rivet is used on occasion. Because of the mechanical fastener is a stress and develop a stress concentration in the joint element. Mechanical fastener also relative to one another help distribute loading and also to edge of the joint elements. Shear loaded types of joints and fasteners being described here, and for tension loaded types of joints and fasteners to be described in the next subsection. Bearing force is imposed by this type of fastener hole and plastic deformation of the material surrounding the hole on opposing structure elements. The bearing force also tear and slugs of material from the join element. This can occur under static loading and the situation can be even worse for dynam ic loading by impact fatigue. Mechanical joining is used to joining or install of structure from details parts and structural elements. For the both manifestations of mechanical joining, load are transferred from one component and also the element to another the development of purely mechanical forces and rising from the interlocking, and result can more components and fasteners. There are no dependences on the development of any primarily or secondary atomic, ionic, or molecular bonds between the components materials. Mechanical allows components fabricated from different materials to be joined, since there is no need for chemical or physical interaction. If the interaction occurs it is usually seen as problematic such as galvanic corrosion or galling and seizing during adhesive wear. The procedure for design shear loaded fastened joint is the allowable stress design procedure. This procedure can be more fasteners are assumed to carry on equal share of the applied force and load. This procedure also is only truly valid for joint that are composed of perfectly material, which is not real case and at least valid for joint containing multiple row of fasteners. This procedure is generally accepted and is perfectly safe when conservative allowable are used, such as the result of imprecise analysis. Shared loading also depend on all fastener being same size and material. Shared loading also has fitting with equal tightness in fastener hole. Empirical used to determine the maximum working stress that can be allowed in the fastener. Under the stress design procedure for bearing type shear loaded joints, the various elements of the joint such as including structural members and fasteners and must be sized so that the following conditions are satisfied, the fasteners can be not damage in shear by overload, the joint plate can be not damage in tension by overload, the fastener holes cannot be deformed by bearing loads from the fasteners, and the fasteners will not tear out of the joint plates at edges. These various modes of potential failure are shown schematically. None of these modes will occur if the appropriate allowable stresses are not exceeded in the fastener, for example shear. The advantage of the allowable stress design procedure is not precludes failure under any conditions such as although it does so under normal operating condition, but that it allows the designer to choose the mode by which the structure would ultimately damage. This procedure allows the designer to choose the low joining in the structure. The double-lap shear is composed of ASTM A36 steel, contain five 22 diameter ASTM A325 steel bolts arranged as shown although the specific pattern does not matter for symmetrical loading, the bolts have a thread pitch of 2mm per thread or, in the Unified system. Shear plates in the double lap joint the unthreaded portion and one passes through the threaded portion of each bolt. The problem is to determine the various stresses produced in the fastener and in the joint plates by a load of 300kN (67,000 lbs. force). The shear stress produced in a fastener given load depend on the actual cross sectional area of the fastener, and this is affected by whether the fastener is threaded and unthreaded in the region through which a shear plane in the joint elements passes. For example, the shear stress where F is the force in kilo Newtonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s (or lbs. force), b is the number of shear planes that actually pass through the unthreaded fastener or portion of the shank of a fastener. Joint is critical elements of assemblies and structures. They can be weakest link in some assemblies or structures, thereby being the most likely areas of an assembly or structure to damage or low joining parts. Joints demand careful design for all forms of joining, including mechanical fastening or integral attachment. The most important aspects of the design of all joints is identifying the sources and estimating the magnitudes and directions of applied and internally generated loads. The loads also can be static, for example for steady or unchanging and dynamic in combination. The sources of loads can be weights or forces as from snow, water, wind, or other parts of the structure. The forces from interacting structures, internal inertial forces, vibrations, and transients especially from startup, shutdown, and the temperature can be changes in thermal excursions, fluid pressures, prime movers. The joint element is shear in the fastener and the bearing force. Stress also created by the fastener. The examples of fasteners properly used for bearing type shear loaded joints such as nails, rivets, pins, and keys . In friction shear loaded joints, the fasteners must create a significant amount of clamping force on the joint, holding the joint elements together and prevent any motion and slip. The resulting friction created between the joint and the result of their coefficient of friction and applied normal force. When these joints are operating properly, the frictional force developed precludes the fastener from having to carry and apply a bearing force by not allowing slip of the joint elements. Only bolts can be properly used for such joints, certain rivets are used on occasion. The shear stress in bearing type connections is related to the arrangement of the pieces or structural elements comprising the joint. The advantages of single-laps are ease of assembly and cost, and the advantages of double laps are elimination of eccentric loading and reduction of shear stresses at each of the multiple shear planes in the fastener in bearing type joints. Finally, the designer must ensure that fasteners will not tear out of the joint plate. This can only occur if the fasteners are located so close to the edge of the plate that the shear stress developed by bearing exceeds the ability of the plate material to sustain that stress over all shear planes from the fasteners to the edge. In fact, tear out cannot occur if there are multiple rows of fasteners, given sharing of load by all fasteners. This is because a slug of material near the edge could not tear out if the strain to elongation at the fastener holes, because by bearing did not exceed the strain needed to cause shear overload over all the aforementioned planes. In this illustrative example there are multiple rows of fasteners, so tear out could not occur and the holes on the second and third rows from the edge would have to elongate in bearing by enough to cause tear out of slugs between the first row and the edge. If there were three bolts in a row, there would be six shear planes such as on areas to cause tear out. For friction joint, the design analysis is slightly different than for bearing type joint. Friction joint also the intent to have an appropriate fastener, for example a bolt or machine screw or, sand rivet to apply a clamping load high enough to cause sufficient frictional force to applied the load, The fastener is protect from ever having to carry shear or cause bearing. The necessary slip resistances, as the frictional force to apply in this way is called, depend on greatly of the surface conditions of the structural joint element materials at their joint faying interface. Typical slip coefficients of friction can be found. V alues can be seen to be highly dependent on the treatment and condition of the joint surfaces, which must be carefully stipulated and controlled for such friction-type joints to work reliably. For example, surfaces cannot be painted unless painting is called for and an approved paint is used. No lubricants can ever be used if not planned for at the design stage. One even needs to worry about water infiltration in such joints, since water acts as a lubricant and drastically lowers the slip coefficient of a joint consider being dry during operational service. The ultimate strength of a friction type joint is considered to be the low of resistance or bearing strength. The bearing strength is more strong by using the same equations as in IE 2.2, except that one would enter the related stress for each material used in the joint plates and fasteners and apply the force that would be required to produce a stress to cause shear overload in the fasteners, tensile overload in joint plates, el ongation such as in bearing overload and can be fastener holes in every part joint plates, or fastener tear-out from the joint plate near its edge. The low force is then compared the force to cause slip because to earlier for an assumed value of average fastener joint preload. The lower of these determines the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the friction-type joint. Mechanical allows components fabricated from different materials to be joined, since there is no need for chemical or physical interaction. If the interaction occurs it is usually seen as problematic such as galvanic corrosion or galling and seizing during adhesive wear. Mechanical joining is used to create assemblies or structures from detailed parts or structural elements. Mechanical joining, load are transferred from one component or element to another strictly through the development of purely mechanical forces rising from the interlocking and resulting interferences or vice versa of two or more components or components and fasteners. There are no dependences on the development of any primarily or secondary bonds between the components materials. Mechanical joining is actually processing in a locking feature plastic deformation. Such joints can only be employed with materials that exhibit plastic deformation, yet still retain their strength or mechanical integrity. Ductile metals and thermoplastic polymers are the two example such as formed in folded tabs, crimps, hems, and punched stakes are good example in metals, and crimps, hems, and punched or heat set stakes are example in thermoplastic polymers. Mechanical joining is allows parts to assemb ly to move relative to one another to provide needed system functionality, while maintaining part arrangement, proximity, and orientation. The process causes no chemical and microstructure will be changes in the material being joined, so dissimilar types can be combine easily, and all can be intentionally disassembled to allow maintenance, service, repair, upgrade, ultimate disposal, or portability The joining parts assemblies and a structure element is joining in structures mechanical joining, which involves two major subclasses of mechanical fastening and integral in mechanical attachment. Mechanical joining is to attachment of components in an assembly to use of either an integral feature is used the part to install the supplemental device called a fastener resulting in integral mechanical attachment and mechanical fastening, respectively. Mechanical joining is a load to transfer from one parts or element to another strictly and the development of purely mechanical forces arising from the interlocking and resulting interference of two or more components, or component and fastener. Mechanical is the components to fabricated from different materials to be joint, There is no has for chemical and physical interaction. If the interaction occurs when seen as problematic such as galvanic corrosion or galling and seizing during adhesive wear. Mechanical joining is used to create assemblies or structures from detailed parts or structural elements.Mechanical joining has been critical to engineering such as in manufacturing, structure, and also in construction. Mechanical joining is very important because the result more fastener from other process. Mechanical joining has more advantages. The detailed methods by which mechanical joining is accomplished have expanded, the number of joints produced continues to grow, and the performance demands and expectations are becoming greater.

Homosexuality Must be Discussed in American Elementary Schools Essay

Wherever it has been established that it is shameful to be involved in homosexual relationships, this is due to evil on the part of legislators, to despotism on the part of the rules, and to cowardice on the part of the governed. -Plato Society is currently arguing over how to address the issue of violence against homosexuals. Many educators and activists suggest that the educational systems nationwide address the issues of sexual orientation in classrooms to combat stereotypes and myths that lead to violence against homosexuals. Within this debate, there is controversy about when to deploy educational stratagems regarding sexual orientation. In order to productively dispel stereotypes, it is necessary that queer issues be implemented into the elementary school curriculum. In considering the addition of queer issues into elementary education this paper includes a definition of queer issues. A discussion of why queer issues must be taught follows its explanation. In addition, arguments against queer education are looked at and refuted. Finally, ways to implement queer education into elementary school curricula are discussed. In reading over the following information it is imperative to keep in mind that the goal in including queer issues in education is that students recognize diversity in their community, culture, and classroom as well as accept and appreciate these differences. WHAT ARE QUEER ISSUES? Before teaching about queer issues it is important to define exactly what these issues are. Queer issues encompass topics, concerns, and questions relating to the GLBITTQ (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Intersexual, Transsexual, Transgendered, and Queer) community. It is these aspects of the GLBITTQ community that are the fo... ...7. Richardson, D. (1998). Sexuality and citizenship. Sociology, 32, 83-100. Rofes, E. (1995). Making schools safe for sissies. Rethinking Schools, 9, 8-9. [Available through ACADEMIC SEARCH PREMIER]. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1994). Verbal and physical assault as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. Journal of Consultation and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269. Sears, J. T. (1999). Teaching queerly: Some elementary propositions. In W. J. Letts IV & J. T. Sears (Eds.), Queering elementary education (pp. 3-14). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Weeks, J. (2000). The Challenge of Lesbian and Gay Studies. In T. Sandfort, J. Schuyf, J. W. Duyvendak, & J. Weeks (Eds.), Lesbian and gay studies (pp. 1-13). London: SAGE Publications.

Overpopulation and the Environment :: essays research papers

OVERPOPULATION & THE ENVIRONMENT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that the number of humans that live on this planet is the problem. We should develop new processes for stabilizing the current population. Overpopulation is becoming one of the most preeminent problems facing human civilization. This complicated, pervasive issue is a problem of the utmost importance for people of all races, religions, and nationalities. With our endless need of new information, we should be able to develop unique process to end these problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our planet now provides for approximately 5.8 billion people, with projections of around 10 billion by the year 2050. Two billion of these are extremely poor, the poorest of which live in absolute poverty and misery. The affects of overpopulation on human society are numerous. Suffering from a lack of resources, people are often driven to war when they become too populated for their available resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increasing amounts of food, energy, water, and shelter are required to fulfill the needs of today’s society. The amount of land required for food production will grow increasingly larger, while the amount of available land will grow increasingly smaller. The resources required to maintain this rapid development is putting a strain on our current supplies of energy. Much of our energy is derived from the burning of fossil fuels releasing millions of tons of toxins into the atmosphere. All of the toxins released into the atmosphere cause harm to the environment as well as those who live around these locations. Currently there are groups with the sole purpose of saving the environment.

Modern Slavery Essay

The Secret World of 27 Million People is an analysis of modern slavery, going back to the history of slavery and the economic and political context of the present time. Other than the fact that it really places slavery into a much larger context, the book also seems exhausting , with lots of statistical references and a broad analysis. Kevin Bales is a researcher who has devoted years to finding solutions to modern slavery. I feel that the audience of this book is the general public and those that want to learn more about slavery in the world today. The purpose of this text is to make readers more aware of what is going on and to give more information to people who are making an effort to put a stop to slavery. In order to put everything into context, the book starts with a chapter on the history of slavery, then moves into chapters that describe the different forms of modern slavery (including trafficking of women and children and child soldiers), as well as the of modern slavery on the economy, on the environment or the global health.It also contains important recommendations, in the last chapter, as to what potential solutions governments and non-governmental organizations can implement in order to combat modern-day slavery. It is a thoroughly researched book, and is something I would use to get as many details on this subject as possible. Bickerstaff, Linda. Modern-Day Slavery. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, 2010. Print. Modern-Day Slavery by Linda Bickerstaff does an great job in providing a basic introduction to modern slavery. The book uses simple terms to bring the reader in front of the terrible tragedy that millions of individuals go to. It references several central books on this topic, including several by Kevin Bales, which provides the opportunity to go through some of the ideas that these writers present in a compilation of facts. Modern-Day slavery is a book full of simple research, but it also provides several sources that someone who wants more in depth information can use. Bickerstaffs’ book is good initial research, for someone that may be unfamiliar with all the details to start the entire process of gathering information, structuring their work and providing the basis of the rest of the paper. It also provides a good number of other resources that can be used, including some of Kevin Bales’ books that have been mentioned. Kara, Siddharth. Sex trafficking: inside the business of modern slavery. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Print. Kielburger, Craig, and Marc Kielburger. â€Å"Obama challenges Americans to fight modern slavery.† Vancouver Sun 1 Oct. 2012: n. pag. http://Vancouversun.com. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This news article refers to President Obama’s speech at the Clinton Global Initiative. It is an impressive news article because it clearly shows where the highest authority in the United States stands on the issue: President Obama clearly calls things by their true name, emphasizing and focusing in his speech on human trafficking and modern slavery. Kristof, Nicholas D.. â€Å"The Face of Modern Slavery.† New York Times 16 Nov. 2011: A3. nytimes.com. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This article is about another form of modern slavery, sex trafficking. The article is important for this research because the story it tells is so vividly expressed that the reader really understands the horror of sex trafficking. The article tells the story of a young girl sold into a brothel in Cambodia when she was only six years old. The article also highlights one of the key causes of sex trafficking- demand. The only reason that sex trafficking exists and that situations like the one described in the article occur is that there are people buying these services. Combating demand is a key instrument in fighting sex trafficking. The article also talks about the importance of nongovernmental organizations that offer shelters and assistance to victims after they escape slavery. â€Å"Polaris Project | Combating Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery.† Polaris Project | Combating Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. . The website of the Polaris Project is focused on trafficking in the United States. It is important because many of the other existing websites are much more focused on fighting global slavery and trafficking while this one focuses on our own country. Although there is not one specific author, the organization as a whole has relevant information of modern slavery. Poorer and developing countries seem more subjected to such phenomena and the idea that this actually exists even in the US shows that modern slavery is not necessarily particular only to a certain category of countries. The website has several informative resources, including an interactive map that allows access to local information and resources. â€Å"antislavery.com: The Leading Anti Slavery Site on the Net.† antislavery.com: The Leading Anti Slavery Site on the Net. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. . This website is the site of Anti-Slavery International, a non-governmental Organization (NGO), that fights modern slavery at an international level. The website is useful from two perspectives. On one hand, it is a great informational resource for everybody interested in the subject. It does not limit itself to a particular category, it looks at everything from bondage labor to child labor, to forced labor and trafficking. On the other hand, by showing what the organization does, it also looks at some of the instruments that are employed in fighting modern slavery. Public outreach, for example, and partnerships, including with the business community, are excellent tools.