All Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer - 1915 Words

If a farmer breeds cows, treats them as well as possible, and then kills them as painlessly as possible at age three for food, utilitarians and sentientist Kantians alike would believe this is morally justifiable. Utilitarians believe that humans should do what maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain, so while the cows may have an immediate interest in avoiding suffering, they have lived a happy life and have no concept of death, so painlessly killing and eating them would not be morally wrong. Sentientist Kantians would also believe that there is nothing wrong with killing the cows for food because Kantians believe that, given that there was no cruelty involved with raising and killing the cows, the cows are merely a means to an end. In†¦show more content†¦However, if the animals were treated well and were killed painlessly, that would not be morally wrong because, in this case, eating meat is only wrong when the animals are not treated as well as they could be. Singer believes that every sentient being should receive equal consideration, but he is aware that humans and non-human animals do not deserve the same rights because different beings have different interests (Singer 149). An example Singer gives is that it would not be wrong to deny dogs the right to vote because dogs are incapable of understanding the significance of voting, so they cannot have the right to vote, but it would be wrong to deny a dog’s interest in not suffering since dogs have a strong interest in avoiding pain (Singer 149). The utilitarian position only objects to suffering, not to killing, so Singer argues that the moral permissiveness of killing the cows depends on whether or not the cows have an interest in continuing to exist in the future. Since cows are non-self-conscious and do not have an interest in continuing to exist into the future, painlessly killing them would not be morally wrong. In order for a being to have an interest in continuing to exist in the future, it must first be able to conceive of itself as existing into the future, which requires the being to be self-conscious, according to Michael Tooley in â€Å"Are Nonhuman Animals Persons?† (358). Non-self-conscious beings are not harmed by their deathsShow MoreRelatedAll Animals Are Equal By Peter Singer1487 Words   |  6 PagesIn Peter Singer’s piece â€Å"All Animals Are Equal†, he begins his argument by an in-depth consideration of notable rights movements, such as the Black Liberation and women’s right s movement, then segues into the justification for equal consideration of rights regarding animals, before finally exposing the immorality behind factory farming and animal cruelty. According to Singer, â€Å"the basic principle of equality†¦is equality of consideration; and equal consideration for different beings may lead to differentRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Peter Singer, All Animals Are Equal977 Words   |  4 PagesSinger, All Animals are Equal In order to understand Peter Singers article All Animals Are Equal, one has to look at his viewpoint and perspective. Singer is a utilitarian, which is someone who believes that best outcome is something that causes that greatest amount of pleasure (or the least amount of pain) for the greatest number of people. However, in this definition the word people is used, as to mean only humans. This is the point that Singer is trying to argue. Who is to say that animalsRead MoreCompare Tom Regan, Carl Cohen and Peter Singer in Terms of Animal Rights813 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis Tom Regan, Carl Cohen, Peter Singer Animal rights are one of the most controversial issues today. There has been endless debate about whether or not animals have rights. Philosophers attempt to come up with the moral conclusions by taking in account the many different standpoints and presenting their related arguments. In his essay â€Å"The case of animal rights†, Tom Regan, a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University, defends his view that the center of our moral concernRead MoreThe Origin Of Speciesism By Peter Singer1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Origin of Speciesism] Singer draws parallels between specicism and racism through comparing the grounds on which whose interests and suffering takes precedence. Singer believes that discarding the moral status of animal concerns in their exploitation as they are not of our species and therefore insignificant, mimics that of the prejudice of white slave owners against discarding the moral status of the interests and suffering of their African Slaves [Peter Singer Practical Ethics, 2nd edition]Read MoreEssay on ANIMAL RIGHTS790 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals have their own rights as do to humans and we should respect that and give them the same respect we give each other. Animals deserve to be given those same basic rights as humans. All humans are considered equal and ethical principles and legal statutes should protect the rights of animals to live according to their own nature and remain free from exploitation. This paper is going to argue that animals deserve to have the same rights as humans and therefore, we don’t have the right to killRead MoreEqually Consider This1419 Words   |  6 PagesIn Peter Singer’s All Animals are Equal, he presents an argument for equal consideration for members of nonhuman species, otherwise known as animals. In this paper, I will argue that Singer’s argument does not prove that animals are deserving of equal consideration because it contains a premise that is not obviously true. The premise I believe to be inadequately supported is the premise that there is no property that all human sentient creatures have that not all sentient creatures have that wouldRead MoreArgument Against Animal Experimentation : Peter Singer And Tom Regan1035 Words   |  5 PagesExperimentation on animals has been a controversial issue for hundreds of years and is still a major issue today. However, we have continued to experiment on animals to test the effects of products such as makeup. Both Peter Singer and Tom Regan would have strong opinions against this experimentation, but they would also have different ways of expressing their view on the topic. They have expressed that animals should be considered to a certain extent that humans and other animals should be treatedRead MoreThe Canadian Inuit And Animals For Supplies1038 Words   |  5 Pages For many of years animal activists have been trying to put a stop to all animal hunting, abuse, using animals for supplies. The problem with doing this is that it may effect a large amount of people who live off of these animals, in particularly the seal. The Canadian Inuit is a large group of people about 46,000 people as an estimation, that use seals as a multi source. The Canadian Inuit use the seal for a source of cash through fur sales, they used the seal for meat, and once used seal forRead MoreEthical Issue Of Animal Testing For Medical Research961 Words   |  4 Pageshe ethical issue of animal testing for medical testing is not new, for example the majority of the common vaccines were developed because medical research that utilized animal testing. Many philosophers have attempted to explain the rights of animals and some wrote on the lack of inherent rights. This issue is difficult because animals can’t speak for themselves but humans do have a place to play in th e fight for animal rights. I will apply the principle of utility along with the moral theories ofRead MoreEqual Rights for Animals in Peter Singer’s Article, All Animals are Equal652 Words   |  3 Pages In Peter Singer’s article, All Animals are Equal, Singer claims that animals deserve the same equal rights and respect that the human lives get. His strongest argument is defined by all animals, human or non-human shall be defined as equal. Singer makes some very strong arguments within his article, but I feel some of his statements are humanist. As an animal lover and mother to two pets, I disagree that not all animals or living things endure the same amount. However, I do agree that animals

No Secret That The Organ Transplantation - 917 Words

Every year many people of all ages, have to be put on a donor list to get a replacement of a diagnosed organ that must be replaced to live. It is no secret that the organ transplantation list has a significant amount of people and every day a handful of them die. A average of twenty one people die everyday, according to the American Transplant Foundation. Many scientist and medically certified personals have been trying to come up with alternative genetic modified organs to give to needed patients, instead of waiting for a donor to come up. A alternate solution they have experimented with is xenotransplantation, the procedure that takes animal cells, organs, tissues, etc†¦, and replaces with what the donor needs, instead of having a human donor. The procedure has been experimented on for many years since the first transplantation between humans was successful. Nevertheless, xenotransplantation should not be considered because of the physiological beliefs, disease transmission, a nd of animal cruelty. We should not consider xenotransplantation because of the physiological beliefs. Since birth, we were taught our wrongs and rights and we were taught about socially acceptable activities. Animals were always a symbol of happiness and hope, and many of us treat them as human beings. Hurting animals was always one of the wrong things to do. Not only do many people go against harming animals but a percentage of the world become vegetarian for the reason that they care about themShow MoreRelatedChinese People And Government Participates In Organ Trafficking.1150 Words   |  5 Pagesand government participates in organ trafficking. The people cannot admit to doing such a thing as it violates the Temporary Rules Concern in the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners Act, which was enacted in 1984. The act states that â€Å"the use of organs of executed criminals must be kept strictly secret, and attention must be paid to avoid nega tive repercussions.† (Glaser 20) The fight against The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant TourismRead MoreThe Death Of A Transplant Organ Transplant Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesStates are on the waiting list to receive a lifesaving organ transplant. Every 10 minutes a new name is added to the transplant waiting list and on average around 20 people die per day due to a lack of organ availability. The consistent high demand for organs and the shortage of donors in the United States has prompted a complex discussion on ways to close the gap. China, for example, has found a solution. They use death-row inmate’s organs for transplant operations. A report from an internationalRead MoreThe Key to Solving The American Organ Allocation Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pageslungs came available in time. Organ allocation in the United States of America has become a heavily debated subject in the medical field as well as the political and ethical fields. There is no doubt that there is a shortage of organs in the U nited States. In order to increase organ supply the American Department of Health should integrate the effective allocation policies of some European countries such as Spain and Austria. These policies include: who receives organs, an opt-out program, and de-regionalizedRead MoreJohn Q: an Ethical Analys and Review3010 Words   |  13 Pagesdemonstration of ethical principles of distributive justice as they pertain to healthcare and, more specifically, organ allocation in the face of scarcity. The film portrays the shortcomings of a managed care system as well as the pitfalls of a libertarian approach to allocation. Here discussed are the ethical approaches of Eglitarianism, Prioritarianisn, Utilitarianism, and Libertarianism to organ allocation as they pertain to the film as well as the situational change in the plot if these approaches wereRead MoreConcerns About Organ Donation Essay1968 Words   |  8 PagesOrgan Donation Get him into the O.R. stat! After applying yourself to be a recipient for a donation, you will be added to the waiting list for that organ. This can take months, if not years. Receiving an organ can be sudden whenever an organ match has been found for you. We should reevaluate organ donation due to someone’s personal religion, inability to benefit the poor, numerous hospital visits, and potential endangerment to their own well being. Therefore, in 2009, organ transplants becameRead MoreOrgan Donation2096 Words   |  9 Pagesadded to the waiting list for that organ. This can take months, if not years. Receiving an organ can be sudden whenever an organ match has been found for you. We should reevaluate organ donation due to someone’s personal religion, inability to benefit the poor, numerous hospital visits, and potential endangerment to their own well being. Therefore, in 2009, organ transplants became a demand everywhere so abruptly that countless nationalities began selling their organs in return for money (HRSA 1). Eighty-oneRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Is The Illegal Trade Of Human Organs For Transplantation1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking, also known as transplant tourism is the illegal trade of human organs for transplantation. (UNOFC,2016). On the other hand, organ donation is the act of transplanting healthy organs and tissues from one person to another (Medline Plus,2015). It is no secret that organ supply cannot meet the rising demand, and because of that a global organ transplant black market has grown and flourished(Glaser,2005). Although there has been some effort to establish a global organ transplant resolutionRead MoreFinancial Rewards For Living Organ Donors2012 Words   |  9 Pages Financial Rewards for Living Organ Donors Deciding whether or not one would like to become an organ donor should be a relatively simple decision. But becoming a living organ donor, for someone who may need a kidney or liver, is something that is not always possible to those who do want to help. Unfortunately many people incur costs for the life-saving donation. Regardless of the fact that many other types of donors get paid for their donations. Here lies the frustration of many who are waitingRead MoreDouble-Edged Sword1678 Words   |  7 Pagescontinual scientific and technological progress, which is brought about by the vast reservoir of knowledge that humankind has gained over the centuries in countless attempts to quench their insatiable thirst for the ultimate key that will unlock all the secrets of life. In the last few decades, men and women of science who are determined to fully unveil the mysteries of the universe were already able to take evolution to a whole new level—one that is closer to its culmination . They were able to discoverRead MoreCulture Expansion Of Mesenchymal Stem Cells1572 Words   |  7 Pagesaimed to develop culture expansion of undifferentiated human mesenchymal stem cells for potential use as autologous cell source for women for gynaecological disorders especially using small molecules, especially A83-01 (ALK 4/5/7 inhibitor). MSCs secret cytokines that act via paracrine effect to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Identification of MSCs in almost all postnatal tissues (bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical blood, menstrual blood, placenta and pre-/post-menopausal

Master of Mental Health Nursing

Question: Discuss about theMaster of Mental Health Nursing. Answer: Introduction: In this essay, clinical condition of patient Mr.A. is discussed. Mr. A is suffering through dementia and his behavior is erratic. In describing this event Driscolls reflective cycle is applied. In comprises of what?, so what? and now what? (O'Carroll, 2007). What section mainly comprises of description of the scenario. So what section comprises of analysis of the scenario and now what section comprises of reaction to the scenario. What? (Scenario): This is case of a patient Mr. (70 yrs.). He was admitted to the hospital one week before with problem of dementia and erratic behavior with family members and friends. I am residential nurse (RN) in the emergency ward. I reached on the ward at about 8.00 a.m. and I typically start my day with assisting the patients with their morning session daily activities. While assisting in daily undertakings, one of the patients, I came across was Mr. A. I was asking Mr. A about his toilet use and whether he requires help. He became angry on me, started shouting at me and my colleague and moreover trying to hurt physically to me. He was wishing to meet his son. He was arguing that, hospital people are keeping him away from his son. However we know that his son died 2 years ago in a train accident. It has been well established that people with dementia has good memory of the past (Jacques Jackson 2000). Even though in the current situation it is not a reality, they feel or realize past facts and demand for past fact. Even though it was uneasy situation for me, I kept cool and tried to convince him and made him realize that his wish is not reality now. I was fortunate that situation got resolved and Mr. A became calm and he was ready to take assistance for toilet use. So What (Response): I had diversified feelings at the time of that incidence and I was confused about my words. Whether I said whatsoever wrong to him. I felt awkward at that time and was upset with myself. Because, I was feeling, I troubled a stable patient and due to me only, he became disturbed. I also felt that other patients in the ward got troubled due to this incidence and other patients thought I did something wrong with Mr.A. At the same I became sad because, I forced Mr. A to recollections of his expired son. Even though, I was frightened in that condition, I kept myself calm and handled situation to make him calm. However, I managed this condition on my own. Now my feeling is very pleased and I feel happy that I did good job to handle the situation. I also got the confidence that I can handle such situations in the future also. My feelings are completely different from the feelings at the time of incidence. At the time of incidence, I was afraid and confused, but now I am confident and satisfied. Overall effect of my action was positive. I understand that Mr. A has dementia problem so that I can take care of him in that direction. Also, Mr. A went to toilet and completed his routine daily activities. This is important in nursing practice to complete patients daily activities in smooth and comfortable manner (Baillie, 2005). This helps in making patient stable. Positive outcome of the incidence is that, I followed ethical and professional practices in the adverse conditions. This is very important in nursing practice to follow these practices in adverse conditions (Grace, 2013). Negative impact of this incidence on me is that I got abused from the patient, for whom I was taking so much care for his well-being. For me this situation was very good learning and it gave me opportunity to evaluate my behavior in difficult situations. I realized that these practices, I cant learn from classrooms or textbooks. Experience and handling real time case like Mr. A case can teach to handle such situations. I realized that my effective communication, holistic approach for patient care and positive attitude towards patients condition, helped me to handle this incident to produce positive outcome form this incident (Thresyamma, 2005). Even tough, I was handling this condition independently for the first time, I learned and grasped skills and aptitude to handle such situations from my mentor. I observed him handling such situations in couple of instances. Few people may have different feeling as compared to me in that situation. I handled that situation in more democratic way. I understood his state of mind and took him in confidenc e and made him calm. However, few people may have different view and approach on this situation. They might handle this condition in more autocratic manner and giving only orders to complete the daily activities. This type of approach might have led to negative consequence and Mr. A might got more irritated and that might be trouble for all the people in the ward. I felt troubled in facing Mr. A next time because, he may not like my assistance because he had bad experience with me. However, due to his dementia, he forgot that incidence and that gave me moral boost to provide nursing practice to him. It is evident that patients having dementia can have such behavior in few instances. In such instances, these patients become more agitated and emotionally disturbed. In reality, these patients dont wish to harm or hurt anybody physically, emotionally and psychotically (Adams and Gardiner, 2005). However, this occurs due to lack of control on themselves. Being a nurse, I know this fact and knowledge of this fact helped me take quick decisions about Mr. A and this make sense to respond to his aggressive reactive reaction. Structural, policy and legal context: Ethics and professional practice in nursing mentioned about not to unrestrained patient (Roberts and Dyer, 2004). According to the hospital policy, there is no separate arrangement or ward for such mentally ill patients. Even though such patients proved troublesome for hospital staff and other patient, such patients should be admitted along with the other patients. Moreover, there is no special staff for the management of such patients. Due to the lack of specialized human resources for such patients there is the hindrance of managing such patient as a special case. Hence, I cant refer Mr. A to other staff members of the hospital and took responsibility to manage the condition of Mr. A. At the same time, our hospital is bound to take care of every patient, provided it is manageable with existing staff and infrastructure of the hospital. Management of the hospital made this policy and it is commitment of every staff member of the hospital to follo w these hospital policies. Also, there is the flexibility in the policy of the hospital to amend the policy according to the requirement of the case and situation (Goel, 2010). One of the feasibility of policy amendment, applicable in this scenario is to invite for the consultant or specialized healthcare professional related to mental illness. Inclusion of the expertise in the mental illness by experience is central to the healthcare management for enriching nursing service, in decision making and evaluation of the outcome (Peters, 2016). Colleagues response: My colleagues also responded positively to this scenario. In handling this situation other nurse and ward boy helped me. It has been well established that recovery or management of the health conditions can be enhanced and carried out by sharing experiences of different stakeholders in the healthcare management and partnerships among the colleagues (Corrigan et al., 2005). They tried to convince Mr. A, that nursing staff is for the welfare of the patients including you. He should believe and keep faith on the nursing staff, if he wants to recover from this condition. Recovery-focused response: In the case of Mr. A, recovery means coming out of the erratic behavior, calm down and believe on others because he is not remembering many things due to his dementia. Recovery in the mental patients is of two types. It comprises of firstly, internal individual process and secondly, repetitive association between patients experience and social conditions (Anthony, 2000; May, 2000). In case of Mr. A, internal individual process of recovery is very less. However second type recovery where patient experience and social conditions in the form of me and my colleagues positive attitude towards recovery of Mr. A helped his recovery from this condition. Nursing staff should be optimistic about the recovery of the mental illness of the patient. This optimism of the nursing staff augments hope and confidence of the nursing staff for the recovery of the patient and also works positively towards the recovery of the patient (Roberts Wolfson, 2004; Repper and Perkins, 2 003). They helped me in assisting him physically to take to the toilet and two other senior members in the ward to calm down him. Now What: I learned that effective communication with the dementia patients is very important because these patients forget very easily and they are unaware of actual reality. If I would not have done anything for Mr. A, he might have got more irritated and his daily activities might have got disturbed and this might led to more psychological and biological problems in Mr. A. I could have prevented this incidence from happening. How the outcomes could have been improved? : It is evident that patients are more cooperative and understands more, if they are provided with person centered care. In this person centered care, there is good reputation between patients and nurses (Colomer and de Vries, 2016). It is well established that communication with dementia patient is very difficult task for nurse. However, person centered care would help to have good communication among them and it helps to avoid such aggressive behavior of the patient. Person centered care in mentally ill patients, required to be handled considering the history and life story of the patient. In person centered approach patients social, psychological, physical, cultural, sexual and spiritual aspects should be considered and provide intervention such that patients self-government and self-determination should not be affected (Brooker, 2003). Next time, I will focus on person centered care in such patients. This incident also facilitated me to recognize gaps in my mental and psychological knowledge and certainly I will look into it and bridge this gap by gaining more knowledge and experience (Jensen and Inker, 2015). So that, I can handle such circumstances more efficiently. For cultivating this knowledge I should discuss with my seniors about their experiences. After attainment of positive outcome in this case, I got more confidence and moral boost in my nursing practice. As a result, in future I will take more challenges in clinical setting and handle these cases effectively by implementing my knowledge, skills, techniques and experience. Conclusion: In this essay, an emergency patient with dementia and erratic behavior is mentioned and my reflection on the scenario in terms of its effect on me, response and efforts form the colleagues in the management of the patient and cooperation from other patients is discussed. In the discussion on the reflection in this case different aspect of the hospital like structure, human resources, and policies are considered. In the recovery of the patient both the patient related and social aspects are considered. Even tough, I handled this case effectively, it could have been managed more effectively with the implementation of person centered approach for Mr. A. References: Adams, T., Gardiner, P. (2005). Communication and interaction within dementia care triadsDeveloping a theory for relationship-centred care. Dementia, 4(2), 185-205. Anthony, W.A. (2000). A recovery-oriented service system: Setting some system standards. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24(2), 159-168. Baillie, L. (2005). Developing Practical Nursing Skills. London: Hodder Arnold. Brooker, D. (2003). What is person-centred care in dementia?. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 13(3), 215-222. Colomer, J., de Vries, J. (2016). Person-centred dementia care: a reality check in two nursing homes in Ireland. Dementia, 15(5), 1158-1170. Corrigan, P., Slopen, N., Gracia, G., Phelan, S., Keogh, C., Keck, L. (2005). Some recovery processes in mutual-help groups for persons with mental illness; 11: Qualitative analysis of participant interviews. Community Mental Health Journal, 14(6), 721-735. Goel, S. L. (2010). Health Care System and Hospital Administration: Health policy and programmes. Deep and Deep Publications. Grace, P.J. (2013). Nursing Ethics and Professional Responsibility in Advanced Practice. (2nd ed.). Jones Bartlett Learning. Jensen, C.J., Inker, J. (2015). Strengthening the Dementia Care Triad Identifying Knowledge Gaps and Linking to Resources. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 30(3), 268-275. Jacques, A., and Jackson, G. (2000). Understanding Dementia. London. Churchill Livingstone. May, R. (2000). Routes to recovery from psychosis: The roots of a clinical psychologist.Clinical Psychology Forum, 146, 6-10. O'Carroll, M., Robert, A., Park, J. (2007). Essential Mental Health Nursing Skills. Elsevier Health Sciences. Peters, M. (2016). BMA Complete Home Medical Guide: The Essential Reference for Every Family. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. Repper, J. Perkins, R. (2003) Social Inclusion and Recovery A Model for Mental Health Practice. Balliere Tindall, Edinburgh, London. Roberts, G. Wolfson P. (2004). The rediscovery of recovery: open to all. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10, 37-49. Roberts, T. G., Dyer, J. E. (2004). Student teacher perceptions of the characteristics of effective cooperating teachers: A delphi study. Proceedings of the 2004 Southern Agricultural Education Research Conference, 180-192. Thresyamma, C.P. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. Procedure Manual for General Nursing and Midwifery Course. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd.

Role of Data Privacy in Marketing - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Data Privacy in Marketing. Answer: Introduction: On May 31 2017 around 2 a.m. PST, it was reported that there has been a data breach and the data had been compromised in OneLogin, which is an online service that enables users to login to different websites and apps from single platform. It has headquarters in San Francisco, which provides single identity management and single sign-on for the application, which are based on cloud storage ("OneLogin breached, hacker finds cleartext credential notepads", 2017). It has more than 2000 customer companies in around 44 countries in the globe with more than 300 app vendors and even more than 70 SaaS (Software as a Service) providers that is becoming trend for all new companies and the companies, which wants travel with the technology development. As it provides a single platform for accessing different applications, OneLogin had to save all the credential information related to their identity and the credentials that is needed to access any application ("OneLogin breached, hacker finds cleartext credential notepads", 2017). The intruders or the hackers that hacked the OneLogin server were able to decrypt the encrypted files in which customers very personal credentials and information were saved in those encrypted files. This led the expose of such crucial information which can lead to serious damaging to the customer, which may include the bank account details generally, internet banking. This breach was also given a name, business-existential threat. A personal message was sent to the customers regarding the breach Customer data was compromised, including the ability to decrypt encrypted data including steps that can be taken to ensure that this breach does not affect for later. However, the problem was that the crucial and very personal information were stolen and might be used by the intruders to make intrusion in the other applications. By this intrusion, they were able to manipulate and access those data and information, as the needed credentials were all pre-available to them after the breach. In this case hackers were introduced by threat actors, who have gain access to the database in which information about the apps, users and many other crucial information were being saved including the credentials that will give access to those application ("OneLogin breached, hacker finds cleartext credential notepads", 2017). All the customers among those 2000 companies were affected by this intrusion and thousands of personal account in those companies had to suffer by this data breach. OneLogin was useful application for accessing many application using one credential and single platform but at the cost of the security and privacy (Martin, Borah Palmatier, 2017). Obviously, the information and data that were being saved was for the organizational purpose only and certain specific details of the organization related to the business and transactions made with the contractors and the business partners. This threat caused risks to all the information that were being saved on the cloud using SaaS application. Certain individuals were also affected by this intrusion as many individuals used OneLogin for their personal benefits (Martin Murphy, 2017). This attack was done on the single database but has affected globally to the threats and risks of privacy and security of the organization or the individuals wh o were using OneLogin application. How the attack was carried out? Chief information security officer of OneLogin, Alvaro Hoyos, said that an unknown intruder was able to gain unauthorized access to the server of the OneLogin that was running on the United States database. This attack was started by the attempts made by the intruder to obtain set of AWS keys and used them to get access to AWS API application programming interface through another service provider other than OneLogins server (Spillner, 2017). APIs is a technical term or language for the conversation between the applications to exchange information and APIs allows developer to collect pre-written components of the software, thus both of them need to work together. The hackers get access to this server and found coding to decrypt those data, which were encrypted before for the security of those data. The hackers got access to the database table using these codes, which contains information and data about the users, applications and various other types of keys. Then they use other coding to decode the encrypted files and decrypted many files that were saved on the database. Measure that could have taken by the organization to avoid this breach is that OneLogin service provider should have introduced third party for the external security of the company to make sure that it has adequately mopped up with any of the certain data breach. All the log management system should be restricted to the SAML-based authentication. Password should be set auto reset mode based on auto generation of password (Hossain, Hasan Skjellum, 2017). This was being implemented after the breach already happened, whereas OneLogin should have learnt from the previous attack and should have implemented it before the second intrusion happened. Measures that individual or organization should be taken to keep them safe can be listed as: Monitoring leaked credentials of the customers before and after the breach (Cheng, Liu Yao, 2017). Implementation of multi-factor authentication that does not leverage SMS Deployment of an inline Web Application Firewall Monitoring leaked credentials of the employees working in the organization Monitoring whether the name of the brand and company names are mentioned or not in the crack forums (Hutching Holt, 2017). Gaining awareness about the credential stuffing tools to ensure that none of the data into wrong hands. WannaCry Ransomware Cyber Attack Ransomware cyber-attack was one of the biggest data breaches of this century that causes damages to several computers at global level. Ransomware cyber-attack affected more than 230,000 computers around the, world in between 12th may and 15th may (Collier, 2017). The intruders were asking money in the form of Bit Coin Currency in exchange of the anti-virus, which will decrypt the encrypted files as mentioned in the next paragraph, and thus it was named as WannaCry Ransomware attack (Martin, Krinoss Hankin, 2017). It is being expected that the Ransomware cyber-attack be originated from London when a European accessed a zip file, which activated the malicious virus and spread across other systems by using network as a bridge. There were mainly two software that were used to make this incident happen, one which gave them access to the storage files saved in the system, which was stolen from the U.S. agency and another which was originated by the intruders to encrypt the files. Technically, the virus encrypts all the files so that a user will not be able to open any file without the decryption code or any anti-virus, which can only be proposed by the hackers. Experts in IT found a way to slow down the wrath of this attack but after that, regular updates were started uploading to the systems, which results in wastage of time only by the attempts made by researchers. Virus was attacking the systems based on operating systems like Windows 7, window XP, Server 2003, and Windows 8 (Mohurle Patil, 2017). It was reported that the virus was not much effective on the systems that were being operated at server 2003 or Windows XP, which means hackers were targeting the latest operating systems. It was also noted that this virus mostly affects the software that were being installed from black market. This conclusion was drawn from the measurement of the damage done to the Chinese countries, as almost 70 % of the systems in China are running on the software that are from black market. This was a worldwide cyber-attack, which damages several organization including government federals to various multinational companies. Some of the organization with advanced IT were able to decrypt the files that were encrypted by them and few were saved by using common senses like turning systems offline for further access by the virus but several were affected by this attack (Renaud, 2017). Government, Hospitals, and multinational companies, of Russia, Japan, China, U.S. and several other countries were affected by this wide spread cyber-attack. Multi-national automobile companies like Nissan and Renault had to suffer damages in the production due to this data breach. This virus made several police stations of China and India to shut down their systems and put the station offline in manner to stop the spreading of the virus among different systems. Big Electronic companies and Multinational Courier Companies like Fed Ex and Hitachi reported the intrusion of this attack. Several ho spitals in UK and U.S. reported the same malware affected their systems which results in delay of several operations and surgeries. Nissan was on the list of least affected automobile companies as an individual with common sense put their all systems offline when attack was seems to affecting one system and save the rest of the systems from being corrupted by the malicious virus. This virus affected many areas in Russia and India (Gandhi, 2017). How was the attack carried out? IT researchers and the developers explained that attack was initiated at London on 12th may 2017; virus was injected into the host computer, which is activated after when a European opened a zip file. Many commands were executed automatically after the activation of that virus which was programmed by the hackers. Some commands were being executed in order to deviate the researchers and the experienced IT. After certain hours, it was found that the virus is executing command to system to connect to an unknown server, which does not exist at all. The main intention behind this execution of this code was to distract the researchers for gathering much time to corrupt the files saved in the storage of the system. The encryption was very tough that no one would be able to decrypt the files without any anti-virus or decryption coding (Gandhi Krunal, 2017). Access to the files stored in the storage of the system was gained by using the stolen software, which was in real produced by the U.S. Agency. This software was named EthernalBlue, which was used to push the virus to the storage drive of the system. The hacker named the anti-virus as DoublePulsar and they were offering this anti-virus in exchange of the money in the form of Bit Coin Currency. The preventive measures that could have prevented this ransomware attack can be listed as: First of all the EthernalBlue software should not have gone viral and exposed on the internet, which gave access to the hackers to the storage system of various users. If the files were encrypted and tokenized earlier this breach would not harm those files and data. Original operating system would have provided security patches for the systems (Mattei, 2017). Microsoft should have predetermined about such attack and should have launched the patches much earlier. Anti-malware software was also the option, which will have not allowed the third party to access the storage of the system. References Cheng, L., Liu, F., Yao, D. D. (2017). Enterprise data breach: causes, challenges, prevention, and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,7(5). Collier, R. (2017). NHS ransomware attack spreads worldwide. Gandhi Krunal, A. Year of Publication: 2017. Gandhi, K. A. (2017). Survey on Ransomware: A New Era of Cyber Attack.International Journal of Computer Applications,168(3). Hossain, M., Hasan, R., Skjellum, A. (2017, June). Securing the Internet of Things: A Meta-Study of Challenges, Approaches, and Open Problems. 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Retrieved 23 August 2017, from https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/Sample%20Notice_9.pdf Renaud, K. (2017). It makes you Wanna Cry. Spillner, J. (2017). Exploiting the Cloud Control Plane for Fun and Profit.arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.05945.